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Sirajganj Govt. college, Sirajganj Department of Accounting

Term paper

On

Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks: A Study on Janata Bank Limited.

Course Title : Term Paper Course Code :2596(Term Paper)

Course Title: Term paper Course code: 2596

Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Bank: A Study on JanataBank Limited.

Submitted to:

Chairman

Department of Accounting Sirajganj Govt. College, Sirajganj

Supervised by:

Md. Lokman Hossain Lecturer, Department of Accounting Sirajganj Govt. college .Sirajganj

Submitted by:

Md. Harun Ar Rashid Roll No. 9583597 Reg. No. 1542100 Session: 2009-2010

Date of Submission: 30th April, 2013

Letter of Submittal

April 30, 2013 To Chairman Department of Accounting 	` Sirajganj govt. College

Through : Supervisor Md Lokman Hossain Lecturer, Department of accounting Sirajganj Govt. College.

Subject; Submission of the Term Paper.

Dear Sir, With due respect, I would like to inform you that, I am Harun Ar Rashid, Roll. No. 9583597 and Reg. No. 1542100, a student of Department of Accounting,Sirajganj Govt. College, Sirajganj. It is my great pleasure to inform you that I have the opportunity to submit the term paper on “Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks: A Study on Agrani Bank Limited.” While conducting the report, I have gathered extensive knowledge on over all banking activities specially Credit Appraisal System of Agrani Bank Limited, Sirajganj Local Branch, Sirajganj.

I belive this genuine and honest analysis will help you to have a positive viewpoint upon me. I will be pleased to deliver you with added explanation that you may feel necessary I this regard.

I shall be thank ful if you kindly approve this effort.

Sincerely yours

Name Roll No. Reg. No. Session : Department of Accounting Sirajganj Govt. College.

Letter of Certificate

I am pleased to declare that Harun Ar Rashid, Roll No. 9583597, Reg. No. 1542100, Session: 2009-2010, a student of Department of Accounting, Sirajganj Govt. College,Sirajganj, has been given with the topic “Cerdit Appraisal of State-owned Commercial Banks:A Study on Agrani Bank Limited” for researching and writing the Term Paper on the subject. He has reviewed all the relevant literature and has been surveyed practically at Agrani bank Limited, Sirajganj Local Bank, Sirajganj Sadar, for three months to collect both of primary and secondary data. I have supervised him throughout the preparation of the Term Paper.

I also certify that the Term Paper is an original one and has not been submitted elsewhere previously for publication in any from.

He is wished all the best in his effort.

………………….. Md. Lokman Hossain Lecturer, Department of Accounting, Sirajganj govt. College, Sirajganj.

Acknowledgement

I would like to express my gratitude to my academic supervisor Md. Lokman Hossain from the core of my heart for his kind support, guidance, instruction and for motivating me to do this report. I am greatful to my term paper supervisor at bank, Assistant General Manager Md.Md. Abdur Rajjaque, AGM, Janata Bank Limited, Sirajganj Local Brunch, Sirajganj Sadar. He was very much friendly and helpful with me.

I am also thankful to the individuals who extended their supports at bank. They are: 	  Md. Somir jalal, Senior Executive officer, Janata bank Limited, Sirajganj Brunch, 	  S.K.M. Almamun, Executive officer, Janata bank Limited, Sirajganj Brunch 	T.M. Abdul Matin

Finally, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my family and friends who have indirectly encourage me in completing this study.

Executive Summary

This report is completed as a requirement of my term paper. The main objective of preparing is to evaluate the Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Bank. For providing accurate information about Credit Appraisal System I worked at janata Bank Limited, Sirajganj Local Brunch, Sirajganj.Bangladesh has a unique Banking system with multiple types of Banking with Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCBs), Private Commercial Banks (PCBs),Foreign Commercial Banks (FCBs), Islamic Commercial Banks (ICBs), Specialized Development Banks and the cooperative customers. Banks provide credit when borrower ensures all of the requirement properly for getting credit from the bank. Credit Appraisal is the part of lending procedure. The procedure start when borrowers come to any branch and seeking for loan and continues until the clients adjust the total loan. Here I have focused on different stages of lending procedure to assess the Credit Appraisal process. The several types of credit and various requirements which are mandatory for getting credit have been mentioned in this report, which means that at first the borrower must submit application, proposal for getting credit. After obtaining CIB report banks take Cash flow statement of borrower and all the documents. An eligible grantor, third party grantor, mortgage of land/building which is equivalent to the total amount of borrowing money to the bank are also ensured by the borrowers. After proper investigating and by getting CIB report positive bank provides credit when it is sure that all information is correct and borrower is able to repay the loan within time period. Financial Statement (Balance Sheet) at the end of year 2011 of State-owned Commercial Banks indicate that Banks provided more credit in 2011 than the year 2010. But because of simple appraisal system and poor monitoring banks can not recover all the credit timely. The number of individual loan defaulters in the country’s banking system stands at 122437 in 2012. The state-owned Agrani Bank had 7923 loan defaulters, Sonali Bank 7781, Janata Bank 4941, Rupali Bank 3914. So the performance for recovering loan is not increasing like other private banks in case of State-owned  Commercial banks. From the study it is clear that the existing procedures of credit Appraisal system of State-owned Commercial Banks are not adequate to compete with the challenging financial and economic environment. This paper is concluded with some recommendations.

Table of Contents

Chapter-One	Introduction Literature Review Objectives of the Study Statement of the problems Methodology Limitations 9-13 Chapter-two	Short History of Banking in Bangladesh Overview of State-owned commercial Banks	14-24 Chapter-three	Nature of Data Quantitative Qualitative Sources and uses Data Analysis of data base 25-34 Chapter-Four	Purpose of Credit Appraisal System in Bank Credit Appraisal System of State-owned commercial Banks Credit monitoring & Reviewing Problems in Credit Appraisal System	35-38 Chapter-Five	Findings Recommendations Conclusion 39-40

References Questionnaire

Chapter-One

1.1  Introduction 1.1	Literature Review 1.2	Objective of the Study 1.3	Scope of the Study 1.4	Statement of the Problem. 1.5	Methodology 1.6	Limitations

Introduction

Finance is required at every stage of business either for meeting daily operations or for starting up a new project. Banks provide a variety of credit to the customers for expanding their business and to bring the economic development of our country. The word “credit” is derived from the Latin word “credo” meaning, “I believe” Speaking broadly, credit is finance made available by one party (lender, seller, or shareholder/owner) to another (borrower, buyer, corporate or non-corporate firm) (Woelfel 1994). Like other banks in our country State-owned Commercial Banks provide credit facilities to the customers in all levels. Credit Appraisal is the part of lending procedure. Credit Appraisal means an evaluation of attractiveness of an investment proposal. As one of the important sources of raising finance is loans from banks because of it commercial lending is one of the prime functions of any bank. Credit Appraisal is the process by which a lender appraises the credit worth ness of the prospective borrower? What are the criterions to be fulfilled for granting loans? What are the tools used by the banks to appraise the loan proposal? It has been tried to give the answer all of this questions in this report by taking information from primary sources as well as from secondary sources. It is true that lending procedures of credit are almost similar among all the State-owned Commercial Banks. But this Appraisal System are not appropriate for providing credit as the number of individual loan defaulters in case of State-owned Commercial Banks Stands at 24559 in 2012. The bad loan recovery rate is not satisfactory with the three banks apart from Janata.Last year, Sonaly Bank could recovering 9199 percent and Rupali Bank only 0.04 percent of the targeted bad loans. Janata Bank fared well, recovering 91.99 percent of the target. So it is extremely needed to ensure proper Appraisal System for providing credit and proper planning for monitoring to recover credit timely. State-owned Commercial Banks can get the more profit if the banks take all the necessary steps as soon as possible for ensuring better service to the customer.

Literature Review Literature Review has vital relevance with any research work due to literature review the possibility of repetition of study can be eliminated and another dimension can be selected for the study. The literature review helps researcher have been conducted to analyze the Credit Appraisal System of Banks in Bangladesh and abroad. But there are very few research and literature available on the subject related to Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks. Linbo (2004) worked with risk and efficiency in big bank of United State. He provides two important information on the bank efficiency in terms of profit creation related to risk of those banks. His finding suggests that profitability of a bank is sensitive to credit and solvency risk but not to liquidity risk or to the investment/ portfolio mix. The relationship between liquidity risk and loan-to-deposit ratio was examined by Wetmore (2004). From his study it was found that loan-to-deposit ratio has been increased during the period which facilitated a change in asset/liability management practices. A positive relation between market risk and them in the process of awarding credit. The policy sets the rules on who should access credit, when and why one should obtain the including repayment arrangements and necessary collaterals. The method of assessment and evaluation of risk of each prospective applicant are part of a credit control policy, (Payle,1997), A firm’s credit policy may be lenient or stringent. In the case of a lenient policy, the lends liberally even to those whose credit worthiness is questionable. This minimizes costs and losses from bad debts but might reduce erevenue earning from loans, profitability and cash flow (Bonin and Huang,2001). Simonson and Hempel (1999), Hsiu-Kwang (1969) observe that sount credit policy would help improve prudential oversight  of asset quality, establish a set of minimum standards, and apply a common language and methodology (assessment of risk, pricing, documentation, securities, authorization and ethics) for measurement and reporting of nonperforming assets, loan classification and provisioning. Ezzamel et al. (1987) find that in a study of bankrupt British firms in 1973, 1977 and 1981 that no single model can be used in each year studied, even when the methodology is the same. Machiko Nissanke, Ernest Aryeetey in their book; Financial Integration and Development  explained about the loan administration and reduction by formal lenders(i.e.banks), Credit Analysis Standards, Increase Project equity requirements, Loan screening of banks and assessing creditworthiness during screening. Banks consider return on project as an important indicator for appraising the projects. Eleanor Charles in his paper “appraising the Role of the Appraiser” Published: September 3, 1995, talked about the centralized function of the appraiser to set a value on the property against which the loan is to be made. Pandy (2006) stated that the easier way to evaluate of the direction of change and reflects whether the fir’s financial performance has improved, deteriorated or remained constant over time. Connelt, et al. (2009) observed how government ownership involvement in a country’s banking system affected bank performance from 1989 through 2004. Their study uncovers an interesting pattern of changing performance difference between state owned and privately owned banks around the Asian Financial Crisis. They found that State-owned banks operated with less profitability, held less core capital and had greater credit risk than privately owned banks and greater performance diffiering more significant in those countries with greater government involvement and political corruption in the banking system. Shleifer (1990) point out that private ownership should generally be preferred to public ownership when incentive and contain costs are strong and especially when competition between suppliers, reputation mechanism and possibility of provision by private not-for-profit firms as well as political patronage and corruption are brought inti play. Chowdhury and Ahmed (2009) observed that all the selected private commercial banks are able to achieve a stable growth of branches, employee, deposit, loans and advances, net income, earning per share during the period of 2002-2006. They indicate that the prospect of private commercial banks in Bangladesh is very bright. Chowdhury (2002) observed that the banking industry of Bangladesh is a mixed one comprising nationalized, Private and foreign banks. Many efforts have been made to explain the performance of these banks. Understanding the performance of the bank requires knowledge about the profitability and the relationship between variables like market size, banks risk and banks market size with the profitability. Chowdhury and Islam (2007) stated that deposit and loan advances of nationalized commercial banks (NCBs) are less sensitive to interest chances than those of Specialized Banks(SBs). SO, SBs should not make abrupt change in lending or deposit by following the NCBs. If NCBs change their lending rate, their deposit or loan and advances will be affected less than those of CBs. Moreover, deposits of NCBs have higher volume and higer volatility than those of SBs. However SBs offer higher deposit rates and charge lendin rate than NCBs, which is why the interest rate spread of SBs was higher than that of NCBs. Siddique and Islam (2001) pointed out that the commercial banks, as a whole are performance well and contributing to the economic development of the country. The average profitability of all Bangladeshi Banks collectively was 0.09% during 1980 to 1995 which means that a profit of tk. 0.09 was earnd by utilizing assets of Tk 100 in every aspect of profit, banking sector contributes the national economy as well as the individual organization. Despite overall growth different categories oof banks were not equally attractive. Bhatt and Ghosh (1992) stated that the probability of commercial banks depends on several factors some of them are endogenous and some exogenous. The endogenous factors represent control of expenditure, expansion of banking business, timely recovery of loan and productivity. The exogenous factors consist of direc investment, such as SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio), CRR (Cash Reserve Ratio) and direct credit program such as region wise, guidelines on lending to priority sector. The regulated and restricted regime in the operation of banking system of investment, credit allocation, branch expansion, interst rate determination and internal management corded the productivity and profitability. Jones et al. (1999) provide evidence that when government convert state-owned firm to privately-owned firm via public share offering, they under price share issue privatization offer, allocation the share to favored domestic investore,impose control restrictions on privatized firm and typically used fixed price offer rather than competitive tender offer, all to further political and economic policy objectives. Barth et al. (2001) concluded that state-ownership of bank tends to be associated with more poorly developed banks, non-banks and securities market. Ahmed et al. (2006) stated that in order to strengthen the economic conditions of the economy the NCB must be improved of its ROA (Return on Asset), ROE (Return on Equity), and other monitoring, assessment and performance evaluation metrics. Khan (2008) stated that bank is evaluated based on profit then the bank is identified as successful. Banks can attain success if relevant risks are effectively controlled.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

Main objectives of the term paper 	To get an overall idea of Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks. 	To find out problem of Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial banks. 	To provide some recommendations based on the problems.

1.3 Scope of the Study This report provides a wide view of the different stages of Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks. Starting from the loan application to loan disbursement. In this report it has tried to provide the right message of the covered from situation of State-owned Commercial Banks in case of credit Appraisal. As it covered from the customers willingness to receive the loan finally because of it all functions concern issues related to the Credit Appraisal have involved in this report. To accomplish this job definitely some honorable employees of State-owned Commercial Banks and its customers were the part of the study.

1.4 Statement of the Problem

Not only present System but also lack of latest technology, lack of internet facility cause a long time to appraise the proposal in case of State-owned Commercial Banks in our country. Bureaucracy, nepotism, corruption, etc. are also create barrier to recover credit timely. Inefficient management, unskilled employees, frequent changes of Government policy etc. are also the problems of the State-owned Commercial Bank for appraising credit properly.

1.5 Methodology Two types of data (primary and secondary) are generally used to conduct any research work or to prepare a report. I have used both primary and secondary data sources to generate this report .Primary sources are face to face conversation with the officers, practical desk work, exposure on different desk of the bank. Secondary sources are website of Bangladesh Bank, website of State-owned Commercial Banks, Annual Reports of state-owned Commercial Banks. As there were very few research work had been done on Credit Appraisal System of State-owned Commercial Banks so it was tough for me to collect specific secondary data from printed sources. Because of it I tried to focus on the primary data. Primary data was collected through Questionnaire/Interview method from 10 officers of 4 branches of State-owned Commercial Banks. Collected data analyzed by using different arithmetical tools for presenting it significantly.

1.6  Limitations investment Department is very sensitive area and it has a few scope for the internship student to do the work. Although efforts made to make the report perfect. The following limitations are identified at the time of preparing the report; 	Limitation of time was one of the most important factors collecting data. A longer time period would have ensured to collect more information in details. 	Every organization has some secret that is not exposed to other. While collecting data by face conversation with the investment officers they did not discuss much information which is related to the investment process. 	Due to lack of experience, there is a change of having some mistake in the report but best effort has been applied to avoid any kind of mistake. 	Up-to-date information is not available.

Chapter- Two

2.1 Short history of Banking in Bangladesh 2.2 overview of State-owned commercial Banks. 2.3 Credit Facility of State-owned Commercial Banks. 2.4 Financial Position of State-owned Commercial banks.

2.	Short History of Bangladesh

The banking sector of Bangladesh is developed gradually. The banking system at independence (1971) consisted of two branch offices of the former State bank of Pakistan and 17 large commercial banks, two of which were controlled by Bangladeshi interests and three by foreigners other than west Pakistanis. There were 14 smaller commercial banks. Virtually all banking service were concentrated in urban areas. The newly independent government immediately designated the Dhaka branch of the State Bank of Pakistan as the central bank and renamed it Bangladesh Bank. The bank was responsible for regulating currency, controlling credit and monetary policy and administering exchange control and the foreign exchange reserves. The Bangladesh government initially nationalized the entire domestic banking system and proceeded to reorganize and rename the various banks. Foreign-owned banks were permitted to continue doing business in Bangladesh. The new banking system succeeded in establishing reasonably efficient procedures for managing credit and foreign exchange. The primary function of the credit system throughout the 1970s was to finance trade trade and the public sector, which together absorbed 75% of total advances. The government’s encouragement during the late 1970s and early 1980s of agricultural development and private industry brought changes in lending strategies. The number of rural bank branches doubled between 1977 and 1985, to more than 3330. Denationalization and private industrial growth led the Bangladesh Bank the world Bank to focus their lending on the emerging private manufacturing sector. Now at the present time banking infrastructure in our country is as follows;

Type of Bank 	No. No. of Branches State owned	4	3404 Specialized	4	1382 Private	30	2816 Foreign	9	62 Total	47	7664 Source: http;//boi.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/finance-and-banking.

2.1 overview of State-owned Commercial Banks 	Sonali Bank Limited:

Soon after independence of the country Sonali Bank emerged as the largest and leading Nationalized Commercial Bank by proclamation of the Banks Nationalization order 1972 (Presidential Order-26) liquidating the then National Bank of Pakistan, Premier Bank and Bank of Bhwalpur. As a fully state owned institution, the bank had been discharging its nation-building responsibilities by undertaking government entrusted different socio-economic schemes as well as money market activities of its own volition, covering all spheres of the economy. The bank has been converted to a public Limited Company with 100% ownership of the government and started functioning as Sonali Bank. Limited from November 15, 2007 taking over all assets, liabilities and business of Sonali Bank. After corporatization, the management of the bank has been given required autonomy to make the bank competitive & to run its business effectively. Sonali Bank Limited is governd by a board of Directors consisting of 11(Eleven) member. The Bank is headed by the Chief Executive officer & Managing Director, who is a well-kown Banker and a reputed professional. The corporate head quarter of the bank is located at Motijheel, Dhaka.

	Janata Bank Limited

Janata Bank Limited is one of the biggest commercial bank of the country. It is a state owned bank that was formed just after liberation of Bangladesh. The mission of the bank is to actively participate in the socio-economic development of the nation by operating a commercialyy sound banking organization, providing credit to viable borrowers, efficiently delivered and competitively priced, simultaneously protecting depositors funds and providing a satisfactory return on equity to the owners. On 15th November, 2007 the bank has been corporatized and renamed as Janata Bank Limited. The Directors are is composed of 13 (Thirteen) members headed by Chairman. The Directors are representatives from both public and private sector. The bank is headed by the Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director, who is a reputed banker. The corporate head office is located at Dhaka with 10 (ten) Divisions comprising of 38 (thirty eight) Departments.

	Agrani Bank Limited

Agrani Bank Limited, a leading commercial bank with 879 outlets strategically located in almost all the commercial areas throughout Bangladesh, overseas Exchange Houses and hundreds of overseas correspondents, came into being as a Public Limited Company on May 17, 2007 with a view to take over the business, assets, liabilities, rights and obligations of tne Agrani Bank which emerged as a nationalized commercial bank in 1972 immediately after the emergence of Bangladesh as an independent state. Agrani Bank Limited is governed by a Board of Directors consisting of 139thirteen) members headed by a Chairman. The Bank is headed by the Managing Diretor & Chief Executive Officer, Managing Director is assisted by Deputy Managing Directors and Genaral Managers. The bank has 11 Circle offices, 25 Divisions in head office, 62 zonal offices and 879 branches including 27 corporate and 40 AD (authorized dealer) branches. 	Rupali Bank Limited

Rupali Bank Limited was constituted with the merger of 3 (three) commercial banks: Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd, Australiasia Bank Ltd. and Standard Bank Ltd. Operated in the then Pakistan on March 26, 1972 under the Bangladesh Banks (Nationalization) Order 1972 (P.O.No. 26 of 1972), with all their assets, benefits, rights, powers, authorities, privileges, liabilities, borrowings and obligations. Rupali Bank Limited worked as a Nationalized Commercial Bank till 13, 1986. Rupali Bank Limited emerged as the largest Public Limited Banking Company of the country on December 14, 1986. Now it is a State-owned Commercial Bank at the present time. The Board of Directors is composed of eight member headed by a Chairman and the directors comprised of representatives from both public and private sectors and shareholders. The Bank is headed by the Managing Di rector (Chief Executive) who is a reputed professional Banker. Rupali Bank operates through 504 branches. It is linked to its foreign corresponding all over the world. The Corporate Head Office of Bank is located at Dhaka with one local office (Main Branch), four corporate branches at Dhaka, one in Chittagong and twenty-five zonal offices all over the country.

2.2  Credit Facility of State-owned Commercial Banks

Sonali Bank Limited ; Sonaly Bank Limited provides the following credit facilities; 	Rural Credit 	Micro Credit 	Consumers Credit 	Special Small Credit Scheme. 	It Finance 	Loan for Diagnostic Center.

Janata Bank Limited Credit lines of Janata Bank Limited are the following 	The main focus of Janata Bank Limited Credit Line/Program is financing business, trade and industrial activities through an effective delivery system. 	Janata Bank Limited offers credit to almost all sectors of commercial activities having productive purpose. 	The loan portfolio of the Bank encompasses a wide range of credit programs covering about 200 items. 	Credit is also offered to 15(fifteen) thrust sectors, as earmarked by the Government, at a reduced interest rate to develop frontier industries. 	Credit facilities are offered to individuals, businessmen, small and gib business houses, traders, manufactures, corporate bodies, etc. 	Loan is provided to the rural people for agricultural production and other off-farm activities. 	Loan pricing system is customer friendly. 	Prime customers enjoy prime rate in lending and other services. 	Quick appreciation, appraisal, decision and disbursement are ensured. 	Credit facilities are extended are per guide-line of Bangladesh Bank (Central Bank of Bangladesh) and operational procedures of the Bank.

Agrani Bank Limited

Agrani Bank Limited provides the following credit facilities; 	Cash Credit (hypo). 	Cash Credit (pledge). 	Industrial Cash Credit. 	Export Cash Credit. 	Loan Against Imported Merchandise. 	Loan Against Imported Merchandise. 	Loan Against Trust Receipt. 	Loan Against Export Development Fund. 	Small Credit Program for Women. 	Loan for Disable person. 	Small Transport Credit Program.

Rupali Bank Limited General Products are the following 	Cash Credit. 	Overdraft. 	Loan against FDR. 	Loan against Deposit Schemes. 	Industrial Project Loan (Long & Multi Term). 	Short Term Loan. 	Syndicate Loan. 	Housing Loan-General and Commercial. 	Personal Loan/Professional Loan. 	House Loan. 	Self Reliance and Special Program Loan. 	Local Bank Guarantee. 	Loan Under Equity Entrepreneurship Fund (EEF).

Small and Medium Enterprise Loan (SME) 	Shohoj 	Shulov 	Baboshayee 	Majhari

Small Enterprise Financing; Manufacturing Fixed Assets Financing and Working Capital Financing Trading & service ; Fixed Assets Financing and Working Capital Financing.

Rural and Agro Credit ; 	Fishery Loan 	Shrimp Cultivation Loan 	Goat /Sheep Rearing Loan 	Poultry Loan 	Dairy Loan 	Loan Against Crop Storage in Silos 	Small Loan 	Micro-Credit 	Micro-credit for the Handicapped 	Loan for tree Plantation 	Peas, Bean, Maze and Spices Loan

Other loan 	Bank-NGO Linkage Credit 	Loan Against Share/Debenture 	Loan Against Brickfield/Gold Ornaments 	Loan for preservation of Potatoes in the Cold Storage 	Transport Loan/Car Loan 	Woman Entrepreneur Financing Program 	Consumer Credit / Travel and Diagnostic Centre Business Loan

2.1	Financial Position of State-owned Commercial Banks Total Investment money as Loans & Advances by State-owned Commercial Banks;

Financial Statements State-owned Commercial Banks in 2011 indicate that Bank invested more money as Loans 2011 than 2010.

Name of Banks	In 2011 	In 2010 Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.34,809 Crore	Tk. 28,609 Crore Rupali Bank Limited	Tk7,652 Crore	Tk. 6,604 Crore Janata Bank Limited	Tk25,820 Crore	Tk. 22,677 Crore Agrani Bank Limited	Tk19,408 Crore	Tk. 16,325 Crore Source; Financial Statements of State-owned Commercial Bank in 2011.

Total Invested money on Government & others by State-owned Commercial Banks; Financial Statement of state-owned Commercial Banks in 2011 indicate that Banks invested more money as Investment on Government & other in 2011 than 2010.

Name of Banks	In 2011	In 2010 Solai Bank Limited	Tk. 13208 Core	Tk. 11,174 Core Rupali Bank Limited	Tk. 2367 Core	Tk 1571 Core Janata Bank Limited	Tk. 9282 Core	Tk. 5787 Core Agrani Bank Limited	Tk. 8533 Core	Tk. 4391 Core Source; Financial Statements of State-owned Commercial Bank in 2011

Loan Defaulters in case of State-owned Commercial Banks in 2012;

The number of individual loan defaulters in the country’s banking system stands at 122,437. The number of pending cases of loan default is 32,440. There are 47 banks in the country. The number of loan defaulters with the private banks is 61,440. Their number is 51,871 with the public and specialized banks, and 8780 with the foreign banks. Brac Bank, a private one, had the highest number of loan defaulters 29,203. Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank, a state-owned specialized bank, had the second highest number of loan defaulter 20,005, while Standard Chartered Bank, a foreign bank, had the third highest 8,461 loan defaulters. The state-owned Agrani bank had 7,23 loan defaulters, Sonali Bank 7,781, Janata Bank 4,941, Rupali Bank 3,9114, Bangladesh Krishi Bank 7,074, Basic bank 233 and Bangladesh Development Bank 382 loan defaulters. Private banks which have over 1,000 loan defaulters include City Bank with 2,556loan defaulter, IFIC Bank 1,078, United Commercial Bank 2,418, Pubali Bank 4,414, Uttara Bank 2,061, Estern Bank 2,230, Prime Bank 2679, Dhaka Baka  2861, Mercantile Bank 1,075, Premier 1,368 and Bank asia 1220 loan defaulter. Of the foreign banks, Bank Al-Falah has five loan defaulters, HSBC 230, State Bank of India 17, Habib Bank seven, Commercial Bank of Ceylon 26, National Bank of Pakistan 31, and woori Bank five loan defaulters.

Sourche; The Daily Star, 25th June, 2012 (accessed Date 20/09/2012)

Default Loans of State-owned Commercial Banks in 2012; State-owned Commercial banks are running with 11.27 percent default loans, double the industry average, although they were corporatized about five years ago to make a turnaround. Sonali Bank, The country’s largest bank, has the highest percentage of non-performing loans at 17.89 percent or Tk 5,705 crore. Janata Bank has 10.7 percent bad loans compared to the 6.12 percent industry average. The bad loan recovery rate is also not satisfactory with the three banks apart from janata. Last year, Sonaly Bank could recover only 14.82 percent of the target from it stop 20 loan-defaulters. Agrani Bank could retrive 57.03 percent and Rupali Bank only 0.04 percent of the targeted bad loans. Janata Bank fared well, recovering 01.99 percent of the target.

Source: The Daily Stare, 23rd April, 2012 (Accessed Date 20/09/2012

Loan Recovery From Top 20 Defaulters:

Name 	Tareget for 2011	Recovery in first three months Sonali Bank Limited	Tk. 119 Crore	Tk. 0.40 Crore Janata Bank Limited	Tk. 78 Crore	Tk. 2.8 Crore Agrani Bank Limited	Tk. 95 Crore	Tk. 5.17 Crore Rupali Bank Limited	Tk. 73 Crore	0

Source: The Daily Star, 26th June, 2011. (Accessed Date 20/09/2012)

State-commercial Banks could recover only 2.31 percent loan of their target from top 20 defaulter in the first quarter this year, while the recovery rate was 22 percent from other defaulters. Only Tk. 8.43 crore of the total tk. 36.50 crore bad loans were recovered from the top 20 defaulters in the first quarter this year. Among the state banks, Sonali could retrieve tk. 40 lakh or 0.34 percent of its target, Janata Tk. 2.86 crore or 3.67 percent, and Agrani Tk. 5.17 crore or 5.44 percent of its target for period. Rupali Bank could not recover a single taka in the first three months this year. However the four banks had a target to recover Tk. 1,190 crore from other defaulters in the period, and they retrieved Tk 258 crore. Sonali Bank recovered 23 percent of its target, Janata 29 percent , Agrani 20 percent and Rupali 6 percent. With Sonali Bank, the default loan decreased by 0.5 percentage point to 25.47 percent. But in amount, it increased by Tk. 383 crore and stood at TK 7,207 crore. In Janata Bank, default loans increased slightly in both amount and percentage. The amount increased by more than Tk 100 crore with Janata Bank and stood at Tk 1.186 crore, which is 5.36 percent of the bank’s total outstanding loans. With Agrani and Rupali banks, both the amount and percentage of default loans marked a fall.

Tate-owned commercial Banks Credit Out steps Deposit;

NINE-MONTH TREND IN CREDITDEPOSIT GROWTH

State-owned Commercial Banks credit disbursement outpaced their deposit in nine months. Credit growth of the state-owned Commercial Banks was 14.12 percent, while deposit grew by 9.44 percent compared to December 31 last year. The private and foreign commercial banks deposit growth was more than their credit growth in the period. Deposit of the foreign commercial banks grew by 18.76 percent, but their credit growth was 8.66 percent.

Chapter-Three 3. Nature of Data. 3.1 Data Analysis. 3.2 Qualitative & Quantitative of data. 3.3 Sources and Usages of data.

3. Nature of Data:

There has two kind of data. one is primary data and second is secondary data. Data Collected from through web-site of State-owned Commercial Bank as well as primary sources, and also data collected from through questionnaire/Interview from 10 officer of 4 Branches of state owned Commercial Bank  as well as from secondary sources.

3.1 Data Analysis:

Data collected through Questionnaire/Interview from 10 officers of 4 branches of State-owned Commercial Banks as well from secondary sources.

Invested money as Loan &Advances in 2012 by state-owned Commercial Banks: Financial statements (Balance sheet, at the end of the year 2012) of state-owned commercial Banks indicate that janata bank invested less money as Loan &Advances than other State-owned Commercial Banks in 2012.

Name of Banks	Total Loan &Advances Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.34,809 crore Rupali Bank Limited	Tk.7,652 crore Janata Bank Limited	Tk.25,820 crore Agrani Bank Limited	Tk.19,408 crore

Sourece:Financial Statements of State-owned Commercial Banks in 2012.

Figure: Loan (Invested money) differences among State-owned Commercial Banks in 2011

Invested money as Loan& Advance in 2011 &2010 by State-owned commercial Banks:

Name of Banks	Loan & Advance(2011)	Loan & Advances(2010) Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.34,809 crore	Tk.28,609 crore Rupali Bank Limited	Tk.7,652 crore	Tk.6,604 crore Janata Bank Limited	Tk.25,820 Crore	Tk.22,677crore Agrani bank Limited	Tk.19,408 Crore	Tk.16,325 crore

Sourece:Financial Statements of State-Owned Commercial Banks in 2011.

Figure: Loan(Invested money)Differences among four State-owned Commercial Banks in 2011&2010

Credits &Borrowers of Janata Bank Limited:

Figure: Percentage of borrowers among credits.

By discussing with the honorable bankers of the bank it is clear that 70% of borrowers propose for SME loan, 8% of borrowers propose for Personal loan,5% of borrowers propose for Rural credit,17% of borrowers propose for Cash credit in case of Janata Bank Limited. Reasons for choosing State-owned Commercial Banks:

Figure: Percentage of borrowers for choosing the State-owned Commercial Bank. According to the honorable officers information it is clear that 30% of borrowers choose the bank as it is a State-owned Commercial Bank,18% of borrowers choose the bank because of low interest rate,12% of borrowers choose the bank because of promotional activities.40% of borrowers choose the bank because of long-term relationship with bank.

3.2 Qualitative & Quantitative Of Data: Deposit Amount of State-owned Commercial Bank in Branch of Sirajganj-31st March of2013: By discussing with the honorable bankers of the bank it is clear that in Sonali Bank’s deposit amount is the highest amount than other banks. But in Janata Bank’s deposit amount is more than Rupali and Agrani Bank in Sirajganj Branch.

Name of State-owned Banks	Deposit Amount Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.68,69,67,523 Rupali Bank Limited	Tk.19,45,00,000 Janata Bank Limited	Tk.43,97,40,676 Agrani Bank Limited	Tk.45,02,550 Sources: State-owned Commercial Bank Limited in Sirajganj Branch.

Defaulter Amount of State-owned Commercial Bank in Branch of Sirajganj-2011,2012,31st march-2013: From Financial Statements of State-owned Commercial Banks indicate that Janata Bank has less defaulter than other State-owned Commercial Banks in 2011,2012 and31st march2013.

Name of Banks	2011	2012	31st March 2013 Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.25,65,00,000	Tk.24,85,00,000	Tk.35,67,60,000 Rupali Bank Limited	Tk.12,02,07,000	Tk.11,80,00,000	Tk.11,29,00,000 Janata Bank Limited	Tk.9,11,000	Tk.16,03,000	Tk.30,37,000 Agrani Bank Limited	Tk.1,23,37,000	Tk.1,58,75,000	Tk.1,71,25,000 Sources: State-owned Commercial Bank Limited in Sirajganj Branch.

Loan Recovery of state-owned Commercial Banks in Branch of Sirajganj in 31st March-2013: Financial statements(31st march 2013) of State-owned Commercial Banks indicate that Janata Bank’s Loan Recovery Amount is small than other State-owned Commercial Banks in 2013. Name of Bank	Amount Sonali Bank Limited	Tk.1,80,00,000 Rupali Bank Limited	Tk.1,78,00,000 Janata Bank Limited	Tk.18,50,000 Agrani Bank Limited	Tk.23,50,000 Source: State-owned Commercial Bank in Sirajganj Branch.

Sources and Usages Of Data Collected From :

	Sources Data:

Data information is collected from many financial sectors. That is information or data collected directly face to face voice and written. On the other hand, some information or data collected by web site. Under the bellow, sources of information or data:

	Janata Bank Limitad, sirajganj Local branch, Sirajganj. 	Agrani Bank Limitad, sirajganj Local branch, Sirajganj. 	Rupali Bank Limitad, sirajganj Local branch, Sirajganj. 	Sonali Bank Limitad, sirajganj Local branch, Sirajganj. 	Bangladesh bank, (banking information from web) 	Bangladesh Financial Standard Board,( from web) 	International Credit Appraisal Banking System,( from web) 	Many Writer of Books,( Hempel, Hsiu-Kwangand others) 	Public University, Report of Credit Appraisal System.

	Usages of Data Information:

Alalysing data from State-owned Commercial bank information is shown by the table and graphics chart. Under the bellow, Sectors the information or data use:

	Statement of the Problems 	Methodology 	Limitations 	Short History Of Banking in Bangladesh 	Overview of state-owned Commercial Banks 	Nature of Data 	Quantitative 	Qualitative 	Data analysis 	Sources and uses 	Purpose of credit 	Appraisal System in Bangladesh 	Credit Appraisal system of State-owned Commercial Banks 	Credit monitoring & Reviewing 	Problems in Credit Appraisal System

Chapter-Four 4 Purpose of Credit Appraisal System in Bank 4.1 Credit Appraisal System of State-owned                                                                                    Commercial Banks 4.2 Lending Procedure of state-owned commercial Banks 4.3 Credit monitoring &Reviewing. 4.4 Problem in Credit Appraisal System.4  Purpose of credit Appraisal system in Banks The most important measure of appraising an investment like lone proposal is safety of the project. Safety is measured by the borrower and repaying capacity of him .The attitude of the borrower is also an important consideration ;liquidity means the inflow of cash into the project in course of its operation .The profit is the blood for any commercial institution. Before approval of any loan project the bank authority has to be sure that the proposed project will be profitable venture .Profitability is assessed from the projected profit and loss statement. The security is the only tangible remains with the banker. Securing or collateral it is accepting must be easy to sell and sufficient to cover the loan amount. But bank can not sanction loan by only depending on collateral. The source of repayment of the project should be a feasible one. During sanctioning any loan bank has to be attentive about diversification of risk .All money must not be disbursed amongst a small number of people. In addition any project must be established for the national interest and growth .Commercial banks and financial institutions intermediate between lenders and borrowers. These financial intermediaries collect deposit and disburse it as loan and advance to the individual people ,business  ,commercial,  industrial entity. The loan and advance should be given to them who has the certain and predicated cash flow to repay the credit .If the relationship manager fail to analyze the clients viability of repaying the loan and the projects cash flow possibility of default may arise due to the fact. So the importance of appraisal, industry analysis ,business performance to ensure the recovery of the credit along with the good supervision, monitoring and the relationship .In a word it can be said that the purpose of appraisal is to be sure that the proposed advance will be safe, liquid, and profitable and for acceptable purpose covered by adequate security. At the time of credit proposal  the bank has to come to an acceptable compromise between over caution and under caution. As investment is the major revenue generating source of income because of it credit management and investment appraisal should be done properly to get more profits. Now state-owned commercial Banks are trying to get the success by proper appraisal system. 4.1 Credit Appraisal System of State-Owned Commercial Banks

Actually four State-owned Commercial banks have different credit facilities to their customers but in maximum cases the appraisal system are almost same expect documentations for various credit. Assistant General Manager or Deputy General Manager of any branch of any State-Owned Commercial Banks can sanction the loan ,although sanctioning limits vary from bank to bank .Generally banks receive mortgage as Collateral security and first party grantor, third party grantor are demanded as security for  providing credit. Interest rates vary from one bank to another bank among credits. Although interest rates are low with comparing with private banks.

4.2 Lending procedure of State-Owned Commercial Bank Application for loan Application applies for the loan in the prescribed from of banks. The purpose of this from is to eliminate the unwanted borrowers at the first sight and select those who have the potential to utilize the credit and pay it back in due time, which is also called proposal for credit. The borrowers should explain how he/she will invest the borrowing money in which areas in the proposal. Getting Credit information:

Then the bank collects credit information about the borrower like  personal Investigation, Confidential report from other bank /Head Office of the bank ,CIB report from Bangladesh bank.CIB report is very much important for providing credit to the borrowers .It ensures that right person is able to get the loan as the borrower has no more other loans in another banks which can create barrier to provide loan if the borrower has already loan.

Scrutinizing and Investigation:

Bank then starts examination to fulfill its lending policy after getting all the documents from the borrower when the CIB report is positive. Then the bank examines the documents submitted and the credit worthiness. Credit worthiness analysis, analysis of financial conditions of the loan applicant are very important as the customer must provide the cash flow statement of his business or income sources which is adjusted with the application from of the borrowers for identifying his credit worthiness to repay. Lawyer verify the value of land /building which is used as mortgage.

Sanctioning loan:

In case of Janata bank limited, the assistant General Manager of any branch of Janata bank limited can approve the credit up to 20 lac, But above 20 lac it is needed to send to the Zonal Office as the general manager of Zonal office can approve up to 50 lac, but above 50 lac the proposal is sent to the head office as Board of Directors can approve more than 50 lac. When branch manager gets all the information is correct then he/she approves(up to 20 lac)the proposal for providing the credit.

Disbursement of lone:

Finally lone is disbursed by the branch through a loan account in the name of the borrower and the monitoring stage of the loan starts formally. All the success or benefit come to the bank when they ensure proper monitoring for recovering credit in timely.

4.3 Credit Monitoring and Reviewing: To minimize credit losses, monitoring procedures and system should be in place that provided an early indication of the deteriorating financial health of borrower to repay the bank loan timely. Past due principal or interest payments, past due tread bills ,account excesses, loan terms and conditions are monitored, financial statements are received on a regular basis. Timely corrective action is taken to address findings of any internal, external or regulator inspection/audit. Computer system must be able to produce the above information for central/head office as well as local review. Where automated system are not available, a manual process should have the capability to produce accurate exception reports. Exceptions should be followed up on and corrective action taken in a timely for betterment. All the above guidelines are followed by state-owned commercial banks. It is obviously essential for Banks to monitor the borrowers present situation after providing credit otherwise the bank will face loss. As State-owned commercial banks provide a huge amount of credit to the customers so it is needed for the banks to establish strong monitoring for recovering credit timely. Because of it sometimes the credit officers go to the borrowers firm to inspect the borrowers present financial condition as well as the banks also inform the borrowers by phone call before giving installment. But statistical information from Bangladesh Banks shows that Rupali bank’s default loans stands at bellow 6 percent last year. Default loans of all private commercial banks, state-owned commercial banks and foreign commercial banks increased, except for the specialized banks, but the rise was the highest among the private banks. Default loans of the state banks rose by tk.125 crore last year. Although Janata Bank Limited had reported 91.99 percent achievement in recovering default loans last 2011.In case of SME the recovery rate was 12% by Rupali Bank Limited last year. So State-owned Commercial Banks should emphasize more concentration on providing credit to the right person and should ensure proper management for recovering credit timely. 4.4 Problem in Credit Appraisal System Although State-owned Commercial Banks in our country are trying to expand our economy but because of some problems it appears as obstacles for providing credit. Following reasons perpetuate the loan default problem. These are as follows: •	Present Appraisal System are not appropriate for providing credit. •	Sudden changes in government policies, duty and taxation structure, affecting companies with loan portfolios. •	Lack of latest technology, lack of interest facility cause a long time to appraise the proposal. •	An ineffective legal framework for loan recovery. •	Alliance between business and politics. •	Lending indiscriminately to immature and inexperienced entrepreneurs. •	Frequent loan forgiveness or waiver packages. •	High internet rates create a stressful obligation for even intending borrowers. •	Bureaucracy, nepotism, corruption , etc. are also the problems of the state-owned Commercial Bank.

Chapter- Five 5. Finding 5.1 recommendation 5.2 Conclution

5.1	Recommendations

Today is not yesterday and tomorrow will be different from today. The fast changing, dynamic global economy and the increasing pressure of globalization. Liberation, it is essential for State-owned commercial Banks ensure effective credit risk management policies and procedures that are sensitive to these changes. The failure of banks occurs mainly due to bad loans, which occurs due to inefficient management of the loans and advances portfolio. The following recommendations can be taken for expanding their economy;

	There is no shortage of skilled officers but training is needed for credit officers timely as it makes them up-to-date. 	Low interest rates create a change for increasing the number of intending borrowers. 	Business and politics should not be joined as it creates corruption in case of providing credit when political persons influence the banking sectors. 	Effective management should be established for recovering credit in timely. 	Frequency loan forgiveness or waiver packages should be minimized. 	Credit identification and rating system should be included by using modern techniques. 	Long term guideline should be provided by the Central Bank. 	Loan monitoring system should be improved as far as possible. 	Internet facility should be increased by the banks. 	Efficient lawyer should be appointed for proper estimating the value of land. 	Promotional activities should taken by the banks for increasing awareness about the credit facilities.’ 5.2 Conclusion Banking sector no more depends on only a traditional method of banking. In this ecompetitive word now a days banking sector is wide enough to cover any kind of financial services. The major task of the bank is to survive the services in this competitive environment by managing its assets and liabilities in an efficient way. To make the assets specially loan and advances banks must have too more careful or otherwise this asset will be burden for the banks. As investment is the major revenue generating source of income because of it credit management and investment appraisal should be done properly to get the more profits. Loan is an asset to any financial institution. That is way it is very much necessary to ensure that a loan dose not become bad. The first step in ensuring that is to ask proper documentation of the loan applicant. A default loan might be very hard to recover due to lack of proper charge documents. Banks can earn more profit if credit Appraisal System and the performance for recovering default loans done properly by the bank.

References Assistant General Manager Md.Md. Abdur Rajjak, Janata Bank Sirajganj Branch. Md. Somir jalal, Senior Executive officer, Janata bank Limited, Sirajganj Brunch, S.K.M. Almamun, Executive officer, Janata bank Limited, Sirajganj Brunch T.M. Abdul Matin, , Janata bank Limited, Sirajganj Brunch. S.M. Kamrujjaman, Principal officer, Agrani BankLimited , Sirajganj. Abdul Awal Shekh, S.P.O, Agrani Bank Limited Sirajganj Branch, Sirajganj. Sajedul Islam, Principal officer, Agrani BankLimited, Sirajganj Ahmed, S. and Z. Satter (2004). Trade Liberalization, Growth and Poverty Reduction; The Case of Bangladesh, World Bank, Dhaka. Ahmed, E., Rahman, Z. & Ahmed, R.I. (2006),”Comparative analysis of loan recovery among Nationalized, Private and Islamic Banks of Bangladesh” Brac University Journal, 3(1), 35-52. Alam, N. & Jahan B. (1999), “Default culture in banking sector in Bangladesh”, Bank parikrama, 24(1), 261-273. Amin, S., Rai AS and Topa, G. (2003). Does Micro-credit Reach the Poor and Vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 70(1)59-82 Aryeetey ,E., Nissanke,M. (1998) Financial Integration and Development. United Kingdom: Routledge. Barth, J. R., Capiro, Jr. & Levine, G. R. (2001), “Banking system around the globe: Do regulation and ownership affect performance and stability”? In NBER conference report series, University of Chicago, Chicago and London, pp.31-88. Bhatt, P. R. & Ghosh, R. (1992), “profitability of Commercial banks in India”. Indian banks,” Journal of Economics,14-27. Bonin P. John and Yiping Huang, 2001, “Dealing with the bad loans of the Chinese banks,” Journal of Asian Economics, 12.2, Summer 2001, pp. 197-214. Chen, K.h., Shimerda, T.A 1981, An empirical analysis of useful financial ratios”, Financial Management 10, 51-60. Charles, E. (1995).Appraising the Role of the Appraiser’.Japan:Unpan. Chowdhury, M>J>A>, Ghosh, and Wright, R>E>(2005). The Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty ; Evidence frome Bangladesh. Progress in Development Studies. 6(4), 298-309 	 Chen, K.h., Shimerda, T.A 1981, An empirical analysis of useful financial ratios”, Financial Management 10, 51-60 Khan, T & ahmed, H2001, Risk management: an Analysis of issues in Islamic financial Industry. Occasional paper No. 5 Islamic search and training Institute Chowdhury, M>J>A>, Ghosh, and Wright, R>E>(2005). The Impact of Micro-credit on Poverty ; Evidence frome Bangladesh. Progress in Development Studies. 6(4), 298-309 	 Wetmore, JL 2004, ‘Panel data, liquidity risk. And increasing loans to cor deposits ratio of large commercial bank holding companies” http://www.google.com http://www.sonalibank.com.bd 	http://www.rupalibank.org http://www.jantabank-bd.com http://www.agraibank.org http://www.boi.gov.bd 	http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.mof.gov.bd/en http://bangladesh-bank.org http://theindependentbd.com/banking/106018-sonali-default-loan-amounts-to-tk-57-billion.html23rd April, 2012 www.the dailynews.net/new design/news-details.php?nid www.finsights.com www.economywatch.com www.globaltrustbank.com www.bank-of-maharashtra.com http://www.studymode.com/search_results.php?query=credit-appraisal-System-of-State-owned-commercial-Banks-A-study-on-jana-ta-bank&suggestion=Y http://www.studymode.com/search_results.php?query=credit-appraisal-System-of-State-owned-commercial-Banks http://www.statmyweb.com/site/findpdf.net www.financial.avbd http://www.studymode.com/search_results.php?query=credit-appraisal-System

Questinnaire (Among Bankers) This survey is being conducted among honorable bankers of State-owned Commercial banks.

Your honest opinion are valuable. Every information of this survey will be kept strictly confidential. Please give the answers you think are most appropriate.

Name: Designation: Bank: Address: 1.	Which credit is attractive for borrower? 	SME Loan 	Personal Loan 	Rural Credit 	Cash Credit

2.	How many borrowers apply for credit in monthly (Average)? 	1-5 	5-10 	10-15

3.	Are you satisfied about loan recovery? 	Satisfied 	Dissatisfied 	No Comment.

4.	Why customers are motivated to get loan from your bank? 	State-owned Commercial Bank. 	Low interest rate. 	Long-term Relationship 5.	what is the reason for default loans? ……………………………………………………….. 6.	Do you have enough interest facility in your branch? 	Yes 	no

7.	How much money your bank invested in 2011 for loan?

8.	Which technique do you apply for estimating the value of land? …………………………………….. 9.	Do you have any recommendation ? ……………………………………..

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