User:Hassocks5489/Crawley Sandbox 1

History

 * Lots more in Modern Railways (May 1984 edition) (in computer room)!

Stations revamped for launch:
 * London Waterloo (press release was here)
 * Richmond
 * Purley
 * Blackheath
 * Chatham
 * Radlett
 * Harrow and Wealdstone
 * Hemel Hempstead
 * Denham
 * London Euston (suburban platforms)
 * Barking
 * Finsbury Park
 * Shenfield
 * Hayes & Harlington

Network SouthEast's history had three phases. Between its launch in mid-1986 and late 1989 was the "Golden Age" in which favourable economic conditions, excellent marketing (particularly in respect of off-peak travel), continuous quality improvements and good relations with government ministers resulted in substantial growth in income, enabling investment to double and the sector's subsidy to be reduced by two-thirds. In late 1989, though—as soon as NSE signed a commitment to receiving no subsidy by the 1992/93 financial year—a succession of rail strikes was followed by the severe late 1980s–early 1990s recession which caused peak-hour travel to fall sharply. "NSE changed from being an income-driven business ... to a cost-driven business in a crisis". Investment could only be made where a signed contract was in place, and initiatives now had to have the dual result of cutting costs and increasing income. From 1992, NSE's focus switched to getting ready for the privatisation of Britain's railway network.

Branding
Pic
 * Major revamp (deep clean) of stns/trains b4 marketing new brand – otherwise brand image contaminated
 * Major advertising agency involved from the start
 * News article about Edward Pond (inc NSE info) (Archived version)
 * Story p64 Operation Lamp Post: inspiration and implementation
 * p65 Station signage; heavy cleaning gangs; how the rebranding worked route-by-route
 * p65 New poster frames; whiteboards for messages; digital clocks aligned to Atomic Clock; seats; ticket booths; bins
 * p66 Year-end spend impact; Design Guide
 * p66 Flagship stations - Richmond, Southend Central; new t/o windows; white tiles and terrazzo; Operation Sparkle
 * p66-67 Stations coordinated across NSE (getting away from regions' lack of coordination) by sorting all 930ish stations into 6 categories and a guide to how each should be refurbished and should look in the end (NB LEGACY - these categories continue to be used by Network Rail)

Routes and area
The Network SouthEast area covered a large part of southern England. Clockwise from the southwest, the boundaries were Weymouth, Exeter, Bedwyn, Banbury, Northampton, Bedford, Huntingdon, Kings Lynn and Manningtree, and everywhere south and east of these. The underground Waterloo & City line from London Waterloo to Bank was included, as was the Island Line on the Isle of Wight from Ryde to Shanklin and the short-lived experimental service between Bedford and Corby. Some stations within this area were junctions with lines that were not operated by NSE, so they formed part of the boundary as well. The lines excluded in this manner, whose services were operated by InterCity and/or Regional Railways, were those running westwards from Salisbury towards Warminster; westwards from Didcot Parkway towards Swindon; eastwards from Cambridge towards Newmarket; and eastwards and westwards from Ely towards Thetford and March respectively. Some NSE trains ran to stations beyond the boundary for operational reasons: for example, Peterborough via Huntingdon and Birmingham New Street via Northampton.

Rolling stock
Network SouthEast inherited a large fleet of electric multiple units (EMUs), smaller numbers of diesel (DMU) and diesel electric (DEMU) multiple units, and some diesel locomotives and coaching stock. Much of the fleet was introduced after the 1955 Modernisation Plan; stock was old and in variable condition, giving a "drab" and "uninspiring" appearance, and was difficult to convert to driver-only operation.

Except for the small fleet of Class 487 units built in 1940 for the Waterloo & City line, the oldest EMUs were the hundreds of Class 415 and 416 (EPB) units built in the 1950s (the oldest units dated from 1951 and 1950 respectively). Throughout the LS&E and NSE eras there were more than 800 of these vehicles in service: 139 4-coach Class 415 units and 126 of the 2-coach Class 416s. Some of the oldest examples had underframes reused from interwar stock.

Accidents and incidents
There were four accidents during the NSE era which caused passenger fatalities. The Clapham Junction rail crash in December 1988, in which 35 people died, involved two rush-hour passenger trains and an empty train and was caused by a wiring error in a signal. The British Railways Board were in charge of the Waterloo Area Resignalling Scheme which was taking place at the time and accepted responsibility for the accident, which was the worst during the NSE era. Three months later, five people died in the Purley station rail crash when two trains collided, causing one to crash down an embankment into a residential street. The driver of one of the trains ran through a red signal and was unable to brake in time. The Cannon Street station rail crash in January 1991 killed two people and injured 542. The train collided with buffer stops at the end of the platform because the driver failed to brake in time. Despite the low speed of impact, the 1950s electric multiple units involved were severely damaged, which contributed to "an increase both in the severity and number of injuries". The most badly damaged coaches were built on reused underframes dating from 1928 and 1934. In August 1996, when NSE's North London Railways division was still responsible for suburban services on the West Coast Main Line, the Watford rail crash killed one passenger. Two trains collided after one passed a signal at danger.

Although not completed by the time of the Cannon Street accident, the phasing-out of life-expired EMUs with seating in compartments and no gangways had become more urgent after an incident in March 1988 in which a woman was murdered inside the compartment of a mid-afternoon train travelling between Petts Wood and London Victoria.

Ticketing
In common with all staffed British Rail stations, ticket offices at Network SouthEast stations used the APTIS ticket issuing system developed for British Rail by Thorn EMI. Some small stations and secondary offices at other stations also had SPORTIS machines, the portable equivalent of APTIS. Conductors and ticket inspectors on trains used either SPORTIS or handwritten carbonated Excess tickets torn from a pad (a method of issue which predated World War II), in common with other parts of the British Rail network. Self-service ticket vending machines were also provided: after experiments with other machines, NSE procured 1,200 Ascom B8050 Quickfare self-service machines from Swiss company Ascom Autelca AG and installed them at stations across the network. These sold adult, child and Railcard-holder tickets to up to 92 destinations and gave change. Originally placed inside ticket offices, machines were later installed elsewhere on stations so that tickets could be bought even if the ticket office was closed.

NSE followed an "open station" policy in relation to revenue protection following its success during Chris Green's time at ScotRail. Intensive checking and collecting of tickets at old-fashioned barrier lines was replaced by a policy of regular on-train ticket inspection and the installation of smaller "revenue protection gates" at platform entrances. These changes meant fewer staff were needed and stations could be redesigned in NSE's preferred style, incorporating spacious concourses, retail outlets and better access for disabled people. NSE policy was for train conductors to inspect and sell tickets on longer-distance services and "travelling ticket inspectors" (TTIs) to undertake revenue protection duties on suburban and Driver-Only Operated trains. TTIs were based out of major interchange stations, from which they would cover several routes.

In relation to passengers travelling without valid tickets, NSE's original policy was to sell tickets on board the train but to charge the full adult single fare. Its analysis of ticketless travel found that this accounted for 3% of journeys, giving an estimated annual loss of £21m; and in 1990 it aimed to cut this to 2% by introducing a Penalty Fares scheme similar to those found in continental Europe. The first experimental scheme, in which inspectors could fine ticketless travellers £10, started on the London Tilbury & Southend route in October 1990. Extra income from this route alone in the first year was £4m, so the scheme was extended across the network in stages from 1992. To support the scheme, more on-train inspections were introduced and the regionally based TTIs were brought together into one coordinated team. Also, NSE procured "Permit to Travel" machines from manufacturer Almex Information Systems. These accepted most coins and sold a permit valid for two hours, which had to be exchanged for a travel ticket. A Penalty Fare would not be charged if a permit was held.

The Network Card discount Railcard was introduced on 29 September 1986 at a cost of £10.00 for a year. Holders received a $1/3$ discount on off-peak fares. Up to three adults could accompany the cardholder and receive the same discount, and accompanying children were charged a flat fare of £1.00. Unlike other British Rail discount schemes, the card was not restricted by age or status: any adult could buy it. Discounted tickets could only be bought for journeys wholly within the Network SouthEast area, although in the early years the Exeter area was an anomaly: the boundary for Network Card discount purposes was initially Whimple, later extended to Pinhoe and then (with effect from 10 January 1988) to Exeter St Davids itself. By 1990, discounts were also given on tickets for journeys on the Weymouth–Yeovil Pen Mill line: this was within the NSE boundary but was served solely by Regional Railways trains. INCLUDE REF FROM BB!

Off-peak return tickets for longer-distance journeys (over about 30 miles, or 40 miles on journeys in the London area) within the NSE area were branded Network Saver Returns and were valid for return travel within one month, representing a saving on buying single tickets in each direction. They were rebranded Network AwayBreaks with effect from 8 January 1989, but their conditions were initially unchanged. Later, though, the ticket was changed so that return travel had to be made within five days.

Legacy
The Network SouthEast Railway Society was formed in 2003 with the aim of preserving and researching NSE's history. Among other activities, it owns an ex-NSE Class 421 (4CIG) electric multiple unit, maintains a photographic listing of more than 100 examples of surviving NSE signage, station furniture and similar, and owns items such as station signs, red litter bins and a Permit to Travel machine.

Penalty Fares schemes are still in place on most ex-NSE routes, and some of the original Permit to Travel machines survive. Many Quickfare self-service machines survived until the mid-2000s, and the last was not replaced with newer technology until 2009. The Network Card (renamed the Network Railcard in xxxx) is still in existence and still offers discounts on fares within the old NSE area. One additional route, the Cotswold Line between Oxford and Worcester, was included from 1995; and Long Buckby station north of Northampton is also now included. BB REF Some extra restrictions have been introduced since privatisation: for example, discounts are only offered on fares of £13.00 and above. The Network SouthEast map has been adapted to reflect these changes, but is still published in the same format with Train Operating Company names in place of the NSE route identities.

Because NSE's stations had been managed by the BR regions, which each had different standards of maintenance, a coding system was introduced to identify what types of station NSE was responsible for and how many there were of each type. Five categories were created, ranging from "Large London termini" to "Local unstaffed station". Resources were then directed accordingly to each category during NSE's station refurbishment programme. The categories are still in use, although some changes were made in 1996, and it now apply to all stations in England and Wales. Network Rail is now responsible for categorisation.