User:HayleymayThiessen/sandbox

Hi Haley - can you see this. Try editing below here. CESchreyer

English: Russo-Norwegian)English: Russo-Norwegian) is an extinct dual-source pidgin language '''that uses Norwegian as the lexifier. '''that was formerly used in the Arctic. Russenorsk combined elements of Russian and Norwegian, and which was created by Russian traders and Norwegian fishermen from northern Norway and the Russian Kola Peninsula  Fishing was used as a way for contact in the 19th and 20th century between the Russian and Norwegian ships.  It was used extensively in Northern Norway for about 150 years in the Pomor trade. Russenorsk is important as a test case for theories concerning pidgin languages since it was used far away from most of the other documented pidgins of the world 

As is common in the development of pidgins and trade languages, the interaction of fishermen and traders with no common language necessitated the creation of some minimal form of communication. Like all pidgins, Russenorsk had a rudimentary grammar and a restricted vocabulary including how '''Russenorsk did not go through a a tertiary hybridization. The vocabulary''' is composed of words essential to Arctic fishing and trade (fish, weather, etc.) and did not deal with unrelated issues (music, politics, etc.).

One of the characteristics differentiating the pidgin from jargon is its grammar. Russenorsk is mainly influenced by Norwegian grammar, leading some to conclude that it is a variant of Norwegian with some Russian influence.

There are no clear verb conjugations. The main indication of a verb is the suffix -om, for example, kapitan på kajuta slipom (the captain is asleep in his cabin). Nominative nouns usually end with -a. Conjunctions used to make compound sentences or dependent clauses are ja, i, and jes. Kak is used as an interrogative word. The general word order is SVO, with some alterations for questions and sentences with adverbs.

Some examples for verbal marker -om 


 * Drikk-om 'drink'
 * Skaff-om 'eat'

Some examples for nominative nouns ending with -a 


 * Fisk-a 'fish'
 * Silk-a 'herring'

På is used as the only preposition for the oblique case:


 * For possession: klokka på ju (your watch)
 * For location: mala penge på lamma (little money in the pocket), and principal på sjib? (Is the captain aboard the ship?)
 * For temporal relation: på morradag (tomorrow), på gammel ras (last year).
 * For direction: moja tvoja på vater kasstom (I will throw you in the water), nogoli dag tvoja reisa på Arkangel otsuda? (How many days did you travel from here [to get] to Arkhangelsk?), på Arkangel reisom (go to Arkhangelsk).

Phonology[edit]
Russenorsk uses many of the phonemes mutual to Norwegian and Russian and uses both the sounds and consonant clusters that are found in both languages, altering phonemes only used in one.


 * /h/, absent in Russian, became /g/: hav (sea) → gav.
 * /x/, absent in Norwegian, became /k/: хорошо (khorosho, good) → korosho.
 * /mn/, absent in Norwegian, became /n/: много ли (mnogo li, many?) → nogoli.

Barter existed between Russians and Norwegians for 150 years in Troms and Finnmark counties and the barter was used for a few months during the summer . This barter was supported by the Norwegian government, and King Christian VII conferred city status to several settlements, such as Tromsø, to facilitate it. Norwegians mainly traded fish for flour and wheat from Russians. The trading went on throughout the sunny months of the year and was beneficial to both sides; Norwegians had access to cheap fish in the summer, whilst Russians had surplus wheat. Traders came from the areas near Murmansk and the White Sea, most often to Vardø, Hammerfest, and Tromsø, sometimes reaching as far south as Lofoten.

In 1917, Finland's declaration of independence from Russia caused the Russian-Norwegian border to decrease significantly. In 1919, the border disappeared completely. Furthermore, the Soviet Union limited international contact significantly due to the Russian Revolution in 1917 causing a decreasing need for the common language between Norwegians and Russians. The last such Norwegian-Russian trade occurred in 1923.