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Mother Nature

Pre-Enlightenment
The secrets of Nature were kept by those privileged few until the Age of Enlightenment. Only they could study nature, for nature was God and was alive and intelligent. To that sought for knowledge joined ranks to keep the secret within the system, not to expose them. Many women who were exploring these secrets were killed under the name Witch Hunt. The study of nature was known as Alchemy or Magic (paranormal).

Enlightenment beliefs
Enlightenment beliefs rooted itself on reason and logic. They believed the knowledge must be widely known and must be pondered. However, nature was analogous to God and could not be examined. The believers and leaders of Enlightenment had to separate nature from God. This led to the feminization of nature, the creation of the word: Mother Nature. Boyle suggested that examination of man is an examination of God. Therefore, nature had to be converted to woman, "a great . . . pregnant automation" to be examined. Bacon suggests that a man must inquisite truth through penetrating into these holes and corners, a sexual metaphor that feminizes nature. When nature was feminized and degraded, Carolyn Merchant suggests that it made possible for people to exploit and study it. Hence comes the word mother nature come in to play. These scientists utilized sexual metaphors to create a feminized nature - mother nature - so that it could be studied and exploited.

Low enrollment of women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Education and Careers

Statistics
Berry Vetter, a statistician, claims that of any 2,000 9th grade boys and 2,000 9th grade girls, 280 of men and 210 of the women will have take enough math to pursue a technical career. In college, 143 men and 45 women will major in science. In completing their degrees, 44 men and 20 women will do so. When it comes to PhD's, 5 men and 1 women will obtain it.

Women are more likely to major in and will obtain jobs that are less prestigious and lower in funding compared to men. While many prestigious fields such as engineering, chemistry, physics, or computer science is dominated by men, women will make up the most in areas such as social sciences, life sciences such as botany or primatology.

Territorial Segregation
The term territorial segregation comes from how fields of science and engineering has been dominated by men, causing women to have difficulty in joining the ranks. Even though many workplaces offer jobs for women, women find it harder to get into well-paying jobs. Women are concentrated in the "soft" sciences: life, behavioral, or social sciences. These sciences are low-paid and often with less prestige. Only 9% of U.S. physicists are women. Schiebinger claims men fare better in traditionally female fields, such as nursing, than women do in men's fields, such as physics or engineering. . Over the last four decades, the relative proportion of women Ph.D. recipients has increased more than 100-fold in engineering (from a scant .2 percent in 1966 to 22.5 percent in 2006), 12-fold in the geosciences (3 percent to 36.6 percent), and 8-fold in the physical sciences (3.7 percent to 27.9 percent). . Even though many women earn Ph.D's in various fields, they earn far less full professorships. The term pipeline comes here where women are pooled into education, but the pipeline is leaky and many fall out from it. According to A. N. Pell, the pipeline has several leaks from elementary school to retirement. . Even though women made up 62% of the Ph.D's in psychology in 1994, only 19% of the tenured positions were given to women. . This displays that men keeps and secures jobs much better than women do.

Pipeline
Even with all the territorial segregation, many workplaces offer higher initial salaries for women. For engineering, women earn about $4,000 higher compared to men. However, after 5 years, it dips below men by about $2,000. Schiebinger claims that many successful women feel shut out of the real centers of power. New England Journal of Medicine suggests that three-quarters of the women students and residents are harassed at least once during their medical training. The sex discrimination they face causes them to leak out of the pipeline of the occupational field. This results in a higher male concentration in high-paid top jobs. In engineering and science education, women make up for almost 50% of jobs as lecturer or instructor, but only 10% of the professors. Schiebinger claims that women are twice as likely to leave their jobs than men in science and engineering. Their reasons vary: not being invited to professional meetings, use of sexually discriminating standards against women, struggle to balance family and work, need to hide pregnancies, inflexible working conditions. These various difficulties that women face in jobs cause them to leave their field of study. Some women leave their field of study on different reasons. Some leave to study other areas such as history or philosophy to contribute to women's studies. Others leave because their belief does not fit with the research conducted. This leave is mainly due to the glass ceiling. This glass ceiling is a block that prevents women from reaching up into high-rank jobs. The number of female department chairs in medical schools has not changed for the past 20 years

Behind the leakage in the pipeline, there are several critical periods. One of the most important periods is adolescence. Academies of elementary schools and junior high schools exclude women from technical careers. Most programs and softwares are based on boys. Teachers often give boys more opportunity to allow boys to figure out the solution to the problem by themselves while telling the girls to follow the rules. Boys are told to be more active and girls are told to be more quiet. This leads to loss of self-esteem in these areas of science and math for girls. Many girls will end up not taking enough math classes for three-quarters of majors in college. Pell points out that girls have less experience in laboratory equipments not because they are not interested, but because they do not have enough opportunity compared to boys. Pell also claims that teachers are more likely to accept questions from boys while telling girls to wait for their turns. Girls are shunned down on their self-esteem, leading to lack of self-confidence, causing them to fall out later on in college and in careers. Pell also claimed that women received less financial aid and suffered from low self-esteem that caused them to undermine themselves. Schiebinger also suggested that men tend to overestimate themselves and women tended to underestimate themselves. These low self-esteem problems set the women back from fields of jobs they could be participating. Moreover, these women that go into work are faced with expectations that they will change by being the "first female to be hired", often being the "one of a kind" in the departments. They lack support from same-sex consultants and are faced with antagonizing senior faculty members. There are many problems throughout the education, the occupation, and the institution that causes leakage in the pipeline.