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"The Jamaican state institutionalizes an 'ideology of non-racialism', buttressed by negative sanctions against appeals to race. As a result, [he/she] argues West Indians are socialized with 'conservative values' that emphasize the possibility of upward mobility regardless of race."

"He nevertheless admits that in the Caribbean, as in the US, there is an assumption about 'the inferiority of African ancestry' stressing, however, that the West Indian version reflects a broader definition of race, where color and class play a greater role in the determining of identity and individual life prospects. Racial identity in the West Indies is thus determined by "ancestry, skin color, hair type, facial features and socioeconomic status.' Although [he] acknowledges that the bast majority of dark-skinned Jamaicans are disenfranchised and that ther is a 'whitening effect of upward mobility' https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1525/tran.2002.11.1.51

"Demographic preponderence allowed West Indians to 'enjoy a degree of self-government and economic power. Although she immediately notes the existence of racial and color hierarchies in the Caribbean societies, Waters maintains that the negative effects of rank differences are tempered by the fact the 'oppressors of black people are all other black or brown people." https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1525/tran.2002.11.1.51