User:Hebe Xiang/OLES2129/draft

Chrysanthemum stone its "flower" produced millions of years ago, due to geological movement and natural formation in the rock, can also be called "take the essence of the sun and the moon, the spirit of heaven and earth". [1] Its flower pattern resembles the chrysanthemum of the autumn of different color dispute layer, the flower is milky white, and grain is clear, the line is distinct, expression is vivid, glittering and translucent get rid of is appeared. Because the stones contain Andalusite crystal like chrysanthemum named, also known as the "singing stone."

The Basic Features
The main component of chrysanthemum stone is Andalusite, so its basic characteristics and Andalusite are very close, so here directly describe the basic characteristics of Andalusite: the main component is Al2SiO5, rhombic crystal system, the crystal is often columnar, cross section is close to the regular quadrilateral. Bicrystals are rare in it.

Appearance of performance
Chrysanthemum stone hard texture, the appearance of a bluish gray, there are naturally formed white chrysanthemum shaped crystals, looks like the nature of the chrysanthemum. The "chrysanthemum" part of the "flower" is a collection of crystalline minerals. "Petal" is a rhombohedral crystal form close to or intermittent connection, the mineral composition varies according to the variety, its length varies columnar mineral aggregate, with stamens as the center to three dimensional space to do radial arrangement, form million, comfort as a spectacle. Produce of Liuyang chrysanthemum stone is mainly calcite and chalcedony (quartz), some with ling strontium ore and lapis lazuli, and such as Xishan andalusite chrysanthemum stone, exists in the red rock, rock basement for distribution in the black and the gray radial Andalusite aggregate, chrysanthemum flower shape, each flower is a Andalusite crystals. Its main mineral composition is Andalusite.

The physical and chemical analysis
Assay proved: chrysanthemum stone does not contain radioactive elements, so chrysanthemum stone harmless to human body. Beneficial elements such as Fe, Zn and Ca, Se content is high. It is the ideal collection of stone lovers.

Colored chrysanthemum stone
Colored chrysanthemum stone is a natural flower in geology. It is only produced in Liuyang, Hunan province. The shape of the petals is lifelike, rich in layers, hard and fine in texture, and the jade is crystal clear, just like the autumn chrysanthemum in full bloom against the frost. It is rich in stone color, tough and fine in stone, and contains strontium, selenium and other trace elements beneficial to human body, which highlights the rarity of chrysanthemum stone.[2] In accordance with the natural form of colored chrysanthemum stone, the master of arts and crafts has become a rare treasure of arts and crafts in the world after elaborately carved and repeatedly honed. It is the most valuable variety of chrysanthemum stone for collection and appreciation.

Brown chrysanthemum stone
The brown chrysanthemum stone is mainly produced in Liuyang, Hunan province. It is light gray-brown and off-white, and its matrix color is brown, light gray-black or light gray-brown. Generally, it needs coloring .Brown river stone with smaller flower shape is harder, flower layer is less, easy polishing. The brown river stone with larger flower shape has moderate hardness and is easy to sculpt.

Black chrysanthemum stone
The black chrysanthemum stone is mainly produced in Xuanen, Hubei province. Hubei chrysanthemum stone flower shape for irises, claw flower shape and cylindrical flower shape. Cylindrical flower - shaped stamens obvious, three - dimensional shape into a rod, a certain bending, iris - shaped more common. The irises are not conspicuous. Petals generally have 10-40 petals, the size is not uniform, branching compound, interpenetration and other phenomena. It can be used to carve all kinds of ornaments, seal and so on.

Authenticity identification
The intact chrysanthemum stone from the natural exposed environment has become extinct, but in general, it is fragile and easily damaged after being changed by chemical methods. Use the method of a few chemistry or physics to pledge the stone material with loose material consolidate, but strengthened the surface only commonly. Customers can be based on its natural color naive to judge. If the real chrysanthemum stone grafted on other stones or grafted on homogenous stone, customers can be identified by a careful observation.

The heart of the chrysanthemum stone is the soul of the chrysanthemum stone. [3] The chrysanthemum on chrysanthemum stone if do not have flower heart or flower heart is to add additionally go, its artistic quality and value can discount greatly, consequently, centerless or the chrysanthemum stone that adds to the heart additionally can calculate second class to taste only.

The difference with peony stone
People often confused the chrysanthemum stone and peony, peony stone is the  Luoyang area and found only a kind of natural stone, the quality of a material is black, white or green flowers, stone distribution is like a peony in full bloom, peony flower petals full, stone flower distribution density, size is evener, different from chrysanthemum stone strip petals.[4]

The meaning of culture
It is said that in ancient times, there was a pair of immortals in heaven fell in love with each other. They sprinkling chrysanthemum in Liuyang river, fell on the river in the bottom of the deposit chrysanthemum, and over time into today's chrysanthemum stone. [5] There is another saying that a pair of lovers fall in love, one of them into a stone, the other into chrysanthemum. They know each other love each other, do not abandon, do not wish to depart till death, they became today's chrysanthemum stone finally.

Historical development
Archaeologists have discovered that chrysanthemum stones were found around 200 million years ago. At that time the chrysanthemum stone hometown or a piece of sea, and later due to earth changes, Liuyang in Hunan province has entered a regressive period, low-lying place of stored in the earth's surface water evaporation, when the water in the strontium sulfate salt concentration increased to a certain extent formed crystals, and gradually attached around the core of flint, shale deposited with water at the same time, the spread in mud limestone layer, after two hundred million years of evolution, and eventually formed the chrysanthemum stone.

The earliest chrysanthemum stone found in China is from the underlying rocks of Liuyang river. According to records in Liuyang county annals, during the reign of emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty, who called Ouxifan accidentally found chrysanthemum stone.

Chrysanthemum stone is collected and exhibited in the state guesthouse, China art museum, Hunan art museum, etc. Also great Chairman Mao, revolutionary martyrs Tan sitong and other favorite things, they have used the chrysanthemum stone Taiwan, these items are now displayed in the memorial hall.