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History_of_syphilis Fact: The first recorded outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494/1495 in Naples, Italy, during a French invasion. MLA citation: Taylor, Robert B. “Diseases That Changed History.” White Coat Tales, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 41–66, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29055-3_2. ISBN: 9783319290539 Quote: Spaniard soldiers then carried the infection to Italy, where they infected some local girls, who in turn infected troops of French King Charles VIII as they laid siege to Naples in 1495. Phase three: Laws, Terri. “Tuskegee as Sacred Rhetoric: Focal Point for the Emergent Field of African American Religion and Health.” Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 57, no. 1, 2017, pp. 408–419., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0505-y. This scholarly article describes the Tuskegee Syphilis Study as a major event for African American experiences in institutional medicine. Many black men were left to die unnecessarily from syphilis, and this has led to mistrust in the medical scene from African Americans. This article shows the diversity perspective for the black community. Walker, Frances J., et al. “HIV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, and Primary and Secondary Syphilis among American Indians and Alaska Natives within Indian Health Service Areas in the United States, 2007–2010.” Journal of Community Health, vol. 40, no. 3, 2014, pp. 484–492., https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9961-4. This scholarly article shows the difference in number of cases of HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis between American Indian/Alaska Native communities and all other races/ethnicities. This article shows addresses that native people are at a higher risk for these STDs and using this information could help prevent the spread of them for the native population. The diversity perspective of American Indians is shown through this article. Phase 4: Fact 1 Paragraph: “Approaches to the examination of the continuing impact of Tuskegee on contemporary African Americans are diverse and range from literary analysis, history, and religion to systematic, measurable approaches in fields such as sociology and psychology. Conceptually constructed as a yes/no binary, the ‘‘yes’’ branch upholds the position that the historical Tuskegee study continues to influence African Americans, and that, by implication, given the choice, African Americans would rationally decline to participate in clinical trials based on continuing distrust of the medical system—even though they did not personally experience the Tuskegee study. The alternate branch of such discourse suggests that African Americans are no longer concerned with that historical event and might be expected to be open to various recommendations in health care. Uncritically, both conclusions promote a sweeping, single Tuskegee narrative that overlooks the struggle that contemporary African American patients endure when they must decide whether to participate in a clinical trial related to a current medical diagnosis with a life-endangering prognosis.” Fact 1 Summary: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study has caused a major distrust within the black community for the health care system. Fact 2 Paragraph: “In all but 2 of the 13 States, P&S syphilis rates for Native Americans exceeded those for non- Native Americans (table 2). Rates for Indians exceeded rates for non-Indians by nearly seven times in Arizona and by four times in New Mexico. The rate for Indians in Arizona (39.5 per 100,000) was threefold higher than the average rate for the total United States for this period (13.3 per 100,000). Case rates for Native Americans peaked for Arizona and New Mexico in 1985, at 69.2 per 100,000 and 32.7 per 100,000 respectively.” Fact 2 Summary: It is important to note that Native Americans contract syphilis at a higher rate than non-Native Americans. Article Sections: In the 1960s, Peter Buxtun sent a letter to the CDC, who controlled the study, expressing concern about the ethics of letting hundreds of black men die of a disease that could be cured. The CDC asserted that it needed to continue the study until all of the men had died. In 1972, Buxtun went to the mainstream press, causing a public outcry. As a result, the program was terminated, a lawsuit brought those affected nine million dollars, and Congress created a commission empowered to write regulations to deter such abuses from occurring in the future.[62] The Tuskegee Syphilis Study has caused a major distrust within the black community for the health care system. Many well-known figures, including Scott Joplin, Franz Schubert, Friedrich Nietzsche, Al Capone, and Édouard Manet are believed to have contracted the disease.[2] It is important to note that Native Americans contract syphilis at a higher rate than non-Native Americans.