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In drug testing, a superiority trial is a trial aimed at showing that the drug tested is better than standard treatment (or better than placebo), while a non-inferiority trial is aimed at demonstrating that the tested drug does not perform significantly worse than standard treatment or, more generally, than some reference treatment which the drug is being compared to.

Motivation
When a new drug (or a new application of an existing drug) is submitted to drug regulation authorities (or insurance companies) for approval, it can be done on two bases: - a claim that the new drug is better than existing treatment options in terms of primary outcome - a claim that the new drug is not worse