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A bridge is a fixed dental restoration (a fixed dental prosthesis) used to replace a missing tooth (or several teeth) by joining an artificial tooth permanently to adjacent teeth or dental implants.

Types of bridges may vary, depending upon how they are fabricated and the way they anchor to the adjacent teeth. Conventionally, bridges are made using the indirect method of restoration. However, bridges can be fabricated directly in the mouth using such materials as composite resin.

A bridge is fabricated by reducing the teeth on either side of the missing tooth or teeth by a preparation pattern determined by the location of the teeth and by the material from which the bridge is fabricated. In other words, the abutment teeth—including portions which are otherwise perfectly healthy—are "reduced" in size using a high-speed rotary tool to accommodate the material to be used to restore the size and shape of the original teeth in a correct alignment and contact with the opposing teeth. The dimensions of the bridge are defined by Ante's Law: "The root surface area of the abutment teeth has to equal or surpass that of the teeth being replaced with pontics".

The materials used for the bridges include gold, porcelain fused to metal, or in the correct situation porcelain alone. The amount and type of reduction done to the abutment teeth varies slightly with the different materials used. The recipient of such a bridge must be careful to clean well under this prosthesis.

When restoring an edentulous space with a fixed partial denture that will crown the teeth adjacent to the space and bridge the gap with a pontic, or "dummy tooth", the restoration is referred to as a bridge. Besides all of the preceding information that concerns single-unit crowns, bridges possess a few additional considerations when it comes to case selection and treatment planning, tooth preparation and restoration fabrication.

Definitions
Fixed Bridge: A dental prosthesis that is definitively attached to natural teeth and replaces missing teeth

Abutment: The tooth that supports and retains a dental prosthesis.

Pontic: The artificial tooth that replaces a missing natural tooth.

Retainer: The component attached to the abutment for retention of the prosthesis.

Unit: Pontics and abutment teeth are referred to as units. The total number of units in a bridge is equal to the number of pontics plus the number of abutment teeth.

Case selection and treatment planning
meera

Treatment planning
Appropriate case selection is important when considering the provision of fixed bridgework. Patient expectations should be discussed and a thorough patient history should be obtained. Replacement of missing teeth with fixed bridgework may not always be indicated and both patient factors alongside restorative factors should be considered before deciding if providing fixed bridgework is appropriate. The survival rate of bridgework can be affected by the span of bridge needed, the proposed position of the bridge, and the size, shape, number and condition of planned abutment teeth. Furthermore, any active disease including caries or periodontal disease should be treated and followed by a period of maintenance to ensure patient compliance in maintaining appropriate oral hygiene.

Conventional bridge
Conventional bridges are bridges that are done with extensive tooth reduction, obtain primary retention through retentively shaped preparation and secondary retention by luting cement. Unlike conventional bridges, Resin Retained Bridges require little to none tooth reduction which is much preferred due to the irreversible damage caused by drilling of teeth. The 3 designs of conventional bridges are fixed-fixed, cantilever (spring cantilever as a subclass), and fixed-movable. They are named depending on the way the pontic (false teeth) is attached to the retainer (indirect restoration on the abutment teeth/tooth).

Fixed-fixed bridges
A fixed-fixed bridge refers to a pontic which is attached to the retainer at both sides with only one path of insertion. To achieve a single path of insertion, both abutment teeth must be prepared parallel to each other in the long axis and undercuts must be avoided.

Cantilever
A cantilever is a bridge where a pontic is only attached to a retainer only at one side. This type of bridge is rather similar to the resin bonded bridge as both have retainers on one side. This allows for conservation of tooth tissue as the other abutment tooth is spared.

Spring cantilever
Spring cantilever bridge are historical methods used when replacing an anterior tooth where the adjacent tooth are unrestored or there was anterior spacing. The anterior tooth replaced are usually attached to a molar teeth with a long spanning palatal connector.

Fixed-movable
A fixed-movable bridge are bridges with 2 attachable parts,

i) pontic which is firmly attached to a retainer at one end (major retainer)

ii) a movable joint at the other end (minor retainer)

A major advantage of this type of bridge is that the movable joint can accommodate the angulation differences in the abutment teeth in long axis which enables the path of insertion to be irrespective of the alignment of the abutment tooth.

The Maryland bridge
An alternative to the tradition bridge is the Maryland bridge (also called an adhesive bridge). A Maryland bridge utilizes "wings" on the sides of the pontic which attach it to the abutment teeth, meaning that little or no damage is done to these teeth in the process. They are most often used in the front of the mouth and only if the abutment teeth are whole and sound (i.e., no crowns or major fillings). They are not considered as strong as conventional bridges, and unlike other tooth replacement options the Maryland bridge cannot be made translucent: their structure requires them to be completely opaque, making them look somewhat artificial in the mouth.

Types of pontic
meera

Selection and evaluation of abutment teeth
emily

When a single tooth requires a crown, the prosthetic crown will in most instances rest upon whatever tooth structure was originally supporting the crown of the natural tooth. However, when restoring an edentulous (without teeth) area with a bridge, the bridge is almost always restoring more teeth than there are root structures to support, for instance a 5-tooth bridge supported on three abutment teeth.

To determine whether or not the abutment teeth can support a bridge without failure from lack of support from remaining root structures, the dentist employs Ante's rule&mdash;which states that the roots of abutment teeth must have a combined surface area in three dimensions that is more than that of the missing root structures of the teeth replaced with a bridge. When the situation yields a poor prognosis for proper support, double abutments may be required to properly conform to Ante's rule.

When a posterior tooth intended for an abutment tooth already possesses an intracoronal restoration, it might be better to make that bridge abutment into an inlay or an onlay, instead of a crown. However, this may concentrate the torque of the masticatory forces onto a less enveloping restoration, thus making the bridge more prone to failure.

In some situations, a cantilever bridge may be constructed to restore an edentulous area that only has adequate teeth for abutments either mesially or distally. This must also conform to Ante's rule but, because there are only abutments on one side, a modification to the rule must be applied, and these bridges possess double abutments in the majority of cases, and the occlusal surface area of the pontic is generally decreased by making the pontic smaller than the original tooth.

Clinical stages of bridge preparation
emily

As with preparations for single-unit crowns, the preparations for multiple-unit bridges must also possess proper taper to facilitate the insertion of the prosthesis onto the teeth. However, there is an added dimension when it comes to bridges, because the bridge must be able to fit onto the abutment teeth simultaneously. Thus, the taper of the abutment teeth must match, to properly seat the bridge. This is known as requiring parallelism among the abutments.

When this is not possible, due to severe tipping of one of more of the abutments, for example, an attachment may be useful, as in the photo at right, so that one of the abutments may be cemented first, and the other abutment, attached to the pontic, can then be inserted, with an arm on the pontic slipping into a groove on the cemented crown to achieve a span across the edentulous area.

Restoration fabrication
As with single-unit crowns, bridges may be fabricated using the lost-wax technique if the restoration is to be either a multiple-unit FGC or PFM. Another fabrication technique is to use CAD/CAM software to machine the bridge. As mentioned above, there are special considerations when preparing for a multiple-unit restoration in that the relationship between the two or more abutments must be maintained in the restoration. That is, there must be proper parallelism for the bridge to seat properly on the margins.

Sometimes, the bridge does not seat, but the dentist is unsure whether or not it is only because the spatial relationship of the two or more abutments is incorrect, or whether the abutments do not actually fit the preparations. The only way to determine this is to section the bridge and try in each abutment by itself. If they all fit individually, it must have simply been that the spatial relationship was incorrect, and the abutment that was sectioned from the pontic must now be reattached to the pontic according to the newly confirmed spatial relationship. This is accomplished with a solder index.

The proximal surfaces of the sectioned units (that is, the adjacent surfaces of the metal at the cut) are roughened and the relationship is preserved with a material that will hold on to both sides, such as GC pattern resin. With the two bridge abutments individually seated on their prepared abutment teeth, the resin is applied to the location of the sectioning to reestablish a proper spatial relationship between the two pieces. This can then be sent to the lab where the two pieces will be soldered and returned for another try-in or final cementation.

Bridge failures
aisha / huda