User:Henrykinya

PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM IN KENYA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY Thesis submitted to Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad- India for the award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In The Subject Library & Information Science Under The Faculty of Social Sciences Submitted by Henry D Kinya Samson Lecturer/ Librarian Africa Nazarene University Nairobi - Kenya Under the supervision of Prof. (Mrs.) A. A. Vaishnav Professor (Retd) Department of library & information science Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University AURANGABAD - 431004 (MS) India JANUARY - 2011 2 DEDICATED to my wife Rose, daughter Trizal and son Philip Psalm 19:14 May my words of my mouth and meditation of my heart, be acceptable before your throne, O lord, my strength and my redeemer in all days of my life. 3 Declaration of Candidate I hereby declare that, this thesis entitled “A Study on Public library system in Kenya: An analytical study.” Submitted for the award of Ph.D. degree of Library and Information science Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad (M.S.) has not been provisionally submitted by me for the degree in any other University. Place: Aurangabad. Date: Henry D Kinya Samson 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Determination is an important prerequisite to achieve good goals in one’s life; but without God nothing can be achieved. To who glory and honor belongs, for this far I stand today. I am a product of His grace and mercy. Here, I avail the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to my research guide Professor A.A. Vaishnav, Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Dr. BAMU. No amount of words can express my heartily gratitude and appreciation she was not only my guide, but mother who my career was a priority than PhD, she suggested to me the present research problem and extended her immense help, invaluable time, guidance and cooperation throughout the research period. Her deep rooted knowledge, enthusiasm, masterly approach, keen observations and silent inspiration motivated me a lot while completing this work. I would like also to thank Prof Leah Marangu - the Vice Chancellor, Africa Nazarene University for according me this glorious opportunity in my life to develop my career. Her constant encouragement and financial support throughout the grueling journey of my doctorate did not only add value in my life but also multiplied it. I would also love to express my sincere thanks to my teacher Dr. V. Kharpande, the head of Library & Information Science; a colleague and a friend for her constant encouragement and valuable advice till the end. Dr S S Sonwane, who, behind this great work I found to be a rich resource in my work, a promising colleague and a friend in my struggle who gave this final draft its current shape. I thank Vijay Deo for his continues encouragement. I thank Dr Adhe & Shri K. Narwade (Mama) for being a true epitome of Indian fathers with a zeal of humanity, P. Mohite, and my colleagues Mr Madansigh Golwal, Mr Balu Mukhyadal, J. Kulkarni, P.Mundhe and H Hoshmani of the Department of Library and Information Science for their constant inspiration and emotional help. I will fail my obligation without thanking the guide’s son; Gajanan (PhD),Mrs Gajanan(PhD) & daughter for offering me empathy and countless unseen hands to me. My special thanks goes to my dear wife Roselyne Akeyo Kinya ,my daughter Trisah Bochere and my son Philip Samson Onderi for their constant prayers and patience at every phase of my study. Their prayers convicted me of the Godly responsibility and offered me the strength. Their concern about my wellbeing revealed the love, and their smile gave me hope as their emails and phone calls brought me void. Their tears were too expensive for me; they doubled mine and humbled me to the core. I can’t also forget the fatherly advice and favour I have received from “Daddy “James Nganga who in his wisdom stood with my vision and offered me unceasing encouragement to pursue a PhD degree. Mrs Daina Martin who kept me in her prayers constantly. I was truly humbled by her great encouragement. A Malik,(PhD) who stood with me till end as a true friend. I sincerely thank my greatest friend, colleague, brother and mentor Bogita W Ongeri, ;Director of Public Communications in the Ministry of Defense; Republic of Kenya for keeping an eye on my family, giving me encouragement when I needed it most, sharing 5 and standing with me during the lonely moment in my life and above all being a true friend in this unpredictable planet earth. He is the one behind the curtain of this enormous work, through him I learnt to bite the bullet in life. It is my pleasant duty to express my deep sense of gratitude to my parents, Samson Onderi, and Teresah Bochere, Bro Richard Ombongi & Stanely Makori for they laid the bricks; my adored brother Solomon Masese, My father and mother in-law Wilson Ngere, and Grace Ngere, my brother in-laws Dr John Amenya and Edward Olouch and their wives Mary Amenya, and Pamela Akinyi respectively without whom I could not have reached this far. They have embraced and held my hand; my family was their priority through all circumstances and time I was out, without which it could have been impossible to complete this noble career undertaking. It is my honest duty also to express my thanks to my friends and colleagues Robert Kakoi (PhD) who offered me the shoulder when I needed it most, a promising colleague and true friend in my work. Lydia Nyamiaka to whom I found brilliant words and comfort during the weird times of my study. Joshua Boit & Aaron Oirere (PhD) sparkling gentlemen whom I got solace in their knowledge and friendship. Martin Ngue who humbled me by offering me time and resources to help me in my final stage. Tom Ratemo (PhD)who did all it cost him to register me in absentia. The Kenyans & the fellowship I thank them for their prayers and moral support. I am thankful to the Director of the Kenya National Library Services (KNLS) Richard Atuti for providing me with the library facility, mailing my data and above all standing with me in my vision. Peter Oenga of the USA with whom I share this dream of over 20 years that loving God and pursuing education is the highway to success. I thank him for his unfailing encouragement, constructive suggestions and spiritual support. I also thank my Pastors Peter Benjamin and Thomas H for their spiritual nourishment during my research and stay in India. Brother Rohit A Bhaktul for his technical input and his family support relentlessly standing with me and ensured that this research is complete. Finally, this study could not have seen the light of the day, but for the kind cooperation and help of the respondents and KNLS staff who extended the professional hand, patiently filed up the questionnaires and at the same time offered constructive and professional suggestions. I am grateful and honestly thankful to all colleagues and respondents. I am indeed indebted to different authors and experts on the subject whose work I have either consulted or quoted. Thanks to all those seen and unseen heads and hands that have been of direct or indirect help to me in completion of this research work. Ecc 11:4-5…..Even so, you cannot know the works of God who made all. Date: Researcher student: Place: Henry K inya .D Samson 6 Sr. No. Topic Page No. 1 Certificate i 2 Declaration ii 3 Acknowledgment iii-iv 4 Contents v- vii 5 List of tables viii-x 6 List of figures xi 7 Abbreviations xii-xiv CONTENTS: CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION SR.NO TOPIC PAGE 1.1 Preamble 1 1.2 Proposed Research 2 1.3 Explanation of concepts 4 1.4 Objectives of the study 4 1.5 Hypotheses 4 1.6 Scope and limitation 4 1.7 Population sampling 6 1.8 Research methodology 6 1.9 Summary of major conclusions and implications 8 1.10 Contribution of the research 12 1.11 Conspectus 13 1.12 Conclusions 14 7 CHAPTER-II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 15-93 2.2 Definitional analysis 17 2.3 Mission of public library 22 2.4 Functions of public libraries 23 2.5 Collection development in public libraries 27 2.6 Public library services 39 2.7 Electronic resourcing & networks 51 2.8 Human resources 52 2.9 Library buildings 61 2.10 Library furniture and equipment 67 2.11 Library finance 68 2.12 Marketing and Promotion 71 2.13 Public library legislation & governance 73 2.14 Scenario at International level- Overview 77 CHAPTER III PUBLIC LIBRARY SYSTEM IN INDIA & KENYA 3.1 India 94 3.2 Kenya 148 3.3 Juxtaposition 188 3.4 Comparison 193 3.5 Conclusions 196 8 CHAPTER - IV PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN KENYA: A SURVEY 4.1 General Data 197 4.2 Collection development 202 4.3 Finance resources, development and organization 215 4.4 Services 228 CHAPTER – V USERS’ SURVEY 5.1 Users profile 254 5.2 Reasons for visiting the library 259 5.3 Visits to the library 262 5.4 Use of resources and services 263 5.5 Use of other services and information sources 266 5.6 Satisfaction 269 CHAPTER - VI FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 6.1 Introduction 273 6.2 Conclusion/Findings 273 6.3 Implications 284 6.4 Contribution to the research 286 6.5 Areas for further study 286 Bibliographical References 287 9 Appendix Appendix A Model Kenya public Library and information services Act 297 Appendix B Librarians’ questionnaire 337 Appendix C User’s questionnaire 349 Appendix D Interview observation schedule 354 10 LIST OF TABLES Table Number Name of the table Page No. 1.1 Determining sample size from a given population 5 2.1 Public library legislation; the world scenario 78 2.2 Periods of Enactment and Number of Countries 83 3.1 New grants for 2008-2009 government declaration 10/ 4/2007 147 4.1 Location of libraries 198 4.2 Year of establishment 199 4.3 Professions of members 200 4.4 Sections of the library 201 4.5 Total collection 202 4.6 Adult collection 204 4.7 Nonfiction Collection 206 4.8 Children’s collection 208 4.9 Total Periodicals including newspapers 209 4.10 Newspaper collection 212 4.11 Other resources 213 4.11 a Resources in different languages 214 4.12 Annual Incomes 216 4.13 Total Expenditure 218 4.14 Expenditure on reading material from different funding agencies 219 4.15 Expenditure on reading material 220 4.16 Total Books (2005-2209) 221 4.17 Average number of books per library 222 4.18 Books Acquisition through different funding agencies 223 4.19 Total periodicals 223 4.20 Average periodicals per library 224 11 4.21 Periodical subscription through funds from different agencies 225 4.22 Selection of library materials 226 4.23 Area of the library building 229 4.24 People sitting and reading in the library 231 4.25 Adults sitting and reading in the library 232 4:26 Children sitting in the library 233 4.27 Registered membership 236 4.28 Member Occupation 237 4.29 Age wise 238 4.30 Subscription of members 240 4.31 Total home borrowing during 2005- 2009 241 4.32 Adult users 242 4.33 Library programs 247 4.34 KNLS computerized sections 248 4.35 Total manpower 250 4.36 Man power in KNLS 251 5.1 Number of registered users surveyed 253 5.2 Age of users 254 5.3 Occupation of users 255 5.4 Users’ Level of education 256 5.5 Sex of users 257 5.6 Income group for users 257 5.7 Users’ residence from the library. 258 5.8 Other libraries memberships 259 5.9 Reason(s) for generally visiting the library on the day of survey 260 5.10 Reasons for visiting the library 261 5.11 Frequency of visiting 262 5.12 Time spent in the library 262 5.13 Preferred time of visit the library by users 263 12 5.14 Borrowing 263 5.15 Book borrowed range wise 264 5.16 Periodicals read by users 265 5.17 News papers red by users 266 5.18 Finding information 267 5.19 Users seeking staff help 267 5.20 Users opinion about extension programs 268 5.21 Taking part 268 5.22 Users comments on general facilities & staff 269 5.23 Adult Nonfiction collection 269 5.24 Adult Fiction collection 270 5.25 Children’s collection satisfaction 271 5.26 General facilities 272 13 LIST OF FIGURES Number of figure Name of Figure Page No. 3.1 Map of India with all their states and cities 95 3.2 Organ-gram Maharashtra public library structure 135 3.3 Map of Kenya and surrounding countries 151 3.4 KNLS Organ-gram 175 4.1 Shows the income during the period of 2005- 2009 by KNLS 217 4.2 Percentage change 220 4.3 Home borrowing percentage increases 242 14 ABBREVIATIONS. A.D After death AIC African Inland Church AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome ALA American library association AIU Association of Indian universities BCE Before Common Era BLA British Library Association B Li Sc Bachelors of Library & information Science BJP Bharatiya Janata Party CCTV Closed circuit television CD& BD Collection development & Book distribution CD Compatible disk CDF Constituency Development Fund CD-ROM Compatible disk read only memory CE Common Era CIA Central intelligence agency CMS Christian missionary society CNOOC. China's state-controlled offshore oil and Gas Company CPI (M)) Communist Party of India (Marxist) CSIR Council of scientific and Industrial Research DDC Dewey decimal classification Dr Doctor DVD Digital versatile disc EAC East African community EALA East African Library Association EALB East African Literature Bureau EALB (K) East Africa literature Bureau (Kenya) EBLIDA European Bureau of Library and Documentation Association ECK Electoral Commission of Kenya E.U European Union GDP Gross domestic product HP Hierarchal pattern ICT Information communication technology IFLA International Library Association and Institutions INFLIBNET Information and library network INC Indian National Congress IMF International Monetary Fund 15 ISBN International Standard Book Number ISSN International Standard Serial Number IT Information technology KACA Kenya Anti-Corruption Authority KARI Kenya Agricultural research institute KANU Kenya African national union KASNEB Kenya accountants and secretaries national examinations KCPE Kenya Certificate of Primary Education examination KEMRI Kenya medical research institute KIRDI Kenya industrial research and development institute KNLSB Kenya national library service Board KNLS Kenya national library services LIC Library and information centers LTC Library technical certificate MARC Machine-Readable cataloging MLA Museum, Library and Archives MLi Sc Masters of Library and information Science MLIS Master of library science M Phil Master of philosophy M. Tech degrees Master of technology degrees NARC National alliance rainbow coalition NAPLIS National Policy in Library and information science NCST National Council for science and Technology NDA National Democratic Alliance NGOs Non- governmental organizations NISCAIR National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resource NISCOM National Institute of Science and Communication NISSAT Information System for Science and Technology NRDC National Research Development Corporation ODM Orange Democratic Movement ODM-K Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya OPAC Open public access catalogue P3 Public private partnership PC Personal computer 16 PCEA Presbyterian Church of East Africa PGD Post Graduate Diploma PH Public health PhD Doctor of philosophy PLS Public library service PM Prime minister PNU Party of national unity PPP Purchasing power parity PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility R&D Research and Development. RRRLF Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs SDA Seventh Day Adventists TTIs Technical training institutes TV Television UAP Universal Availability of Publications UBC Universal Bibliographic Control UGC University Grants Commission UK United Kingdom UNESCO United Nation‘s Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization UPA United Progressive Alliance USA United States of America USD United States dollar WPA Work Progress Administration 17 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The objective of the present chapter is to highlight concepts of public library system, public library legislation, and explanation of concepts to specify objectives, limitations, and methodology and conspectus of the study. 1.1 Preamble Prosperity, freedom and the development of society and individuals are fundamental human values. They will only be attained through the aptitude of well-informed citizens to exercise their democratic rights and to play a vigorous role in society. Productive contribution and the development of democracy depend on acceptable education as well as on free and unlimited access to thought, culture and information. As per UNESCO public library manifesto (UNESCO, 1994), the public library, the local gateway to information make available a basic condition for lifelong knowledge, sovereign decision-making and cultural development of the individual and social groups. Manifesto declares UNESCO's belief in the public library as a breathing force for education, culture and information, and as an indispensable agent for the nurturing of peace and spiritual wellbeing through the minds of men and women. UNESCO therefore supports national and local governments to maintain and actively take part in the development of public libraries. The enormous amount of information produced per second worldwide front is a greatest challenges to library system more so the public libraries in the history of publication. With advancement of standards through IFLA/UNESCO public libraries are stirring from the conventional and conservative services to expansion of database and information sharing through network accessibility of resources. Public libraries crop up in multiplicity of societies, in different culture, historical background, technological and at different phases of economical development. However, their service delivery has universal characteristics although in a varied contexts in which they operate. They primarily provide resources in a variety of media to meet the both diverse users and needs. Public libraries represent an indispensable link in the scientific system chain, a crucial 18 role link in the development and maintenance of wide range and intensity of knowledge modernization and ideas in society and at individual level. 1.2 Proposed Research Many information scientists have used different terms for public library system study. The recognition of public library first took place in western-Saxon countries. The term public library first appeared in Latin (bibliotheca publica) as a technical term in 17th century to distinguish the general university libraries of Oxford and Cambridge by then from those of endowed libraries. The historical combination of the growth of printing, public education, democratic institutions and urbanization during 19th century led to the establishment and development of public libraries in USA and UK. UNESCO stated that ‗the public library is the principal means whereby the records of man‘s thoughts and ideas and the expression of his imagination are made freely available to all‘ In 1977 D J Fosket describes the public library system as ‗the central feature in the concept of whole entities, whose past are linked by specific pattern of relation; the system as a whole is greater than the mere sum of its parts by virtue of this pattern. Kumar (2004) defined public library system as ‗a A combination of people, activities, events and object resources working together to convert inputs to outputs‘ Public libraries are libraries serving the community or region with multipurpose information- education –culture, agency in respect of information dissemination services, free of charge or at nominal fee (Thompson, 1974). The term system has been incorporated in the public libraries in recent development to denote all segments of the library i.e. legislation, funding, manpower, collection, services, building and ICT. Although in practice all those segments are often inseparable in any public library 1.2.1 Statement of Research title Since public libraries are breathing force for education, culture and information plays important role in development of elite citizens, researcher has 19 chosen the topic on public library system. So far no study on evaluation of legislation and public library system in Kenya has been done hence the present research ‘Public Library System in Kenya: An Analytical study’ has been undertaken. 1.3 Explanation of concepts: Public library .The Public Library is the local centre of information, making all kinds of knowledge and information readily available to its users. The services of the public library are provided on the basis of equality of access for all, regardless of age, race, sex, religion, nationality, language or social status. Public library system it is the communication of ideas and information for any type of users for their inseparable utilization in the promotion of democratic development of education to raise their economy as a result of sincere participation. Mostly it takes a pyramidal structure in nature with, state central libraries, district central libraries and village libraries. (Iyer, 1999) Public library legislation. The public library is the responsibility of local and national authorities. It must be supported by specific legislation both at national and local government‘s level. It has to be an essential component of any long-term strategy for culture, information provision, literacy and education. All legislation work is done by parliament of each country. To ensure nationwide library coordination and cooperation, legislation and strategic plans must also define and promote a national library services. Kenya National Library Services (KNLS). The Kenya National Library Service (KNLS) Board is a national corporation established by an Act of Parliament, Cap 225 of the Laws of Kenya in 1965 the Board commenced its mandated functions in 1967. Board is empowered to develop public library services in Kenya to fill the vacuum that existed before and soon after independence regarding the provision of public library services hence bridge the level of literacy. The headquarters library in Nairobi opened its doors to the public in 1969. Currently, the Board is responsible for managing 8 libraries in 8 provinces and other 24 libraries spread throughout the country at district level. 20 1.4 Objectives of the study The fundamental principle of creating a national public library network is to provide information and library services to users. The basic purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of KNLS network, recourses, services, manpower, finance, legislation and ICT applications. The specific objectives of the study are: 1) To compare development of public libraries and its legislation in Kenya with that of India; 2) To evaluate the performance of public library system in Kenya; 3) To Survey users of the public libraries in Kenya; 4) To suggest model public library and information services Act for Kenya. 1.5 Hypotheses The researcher, initiated the process of investigation, and so it resorted to the following hypothesis for the study: 1) Cultural and social situation of the country has its impact on public library system; 2) Public libraries in Kenya are economically disadvantaged; 3) Public libraries in Kenya both in service; staff, policy and collection are in the developing stage; 4) Public libraries in Kenya are meant for student population. 1.6 Scope and limitations Scope of the study was limited to the public library legislation and public library system in Kenya and its users. The researcher also made a survey of the existing literature on public libraries in Kenya. It was observed that there is scarcity of literature on Kenyan public library system as a whole and librarianship in Kenya in general. There has been little research and writing in the area of library and information science in Kenya and much less on the sphere of public library libraries. Librarians in Kenya have not been publishing much either in journals or books and much research that has taken place lies more or less in theses form. Another problem encountered was related to library statistics. In the course of the study it became evident that statistics on library expenditure and collection growth were not regularly maintained and in some cases the researcher had to go by estimates. Indeed this was a big impediment such that some statistics such as 21 those on use, users and interlibrary loan had to be discarded because they were scanty and did not facilitate comparison. 1.7 Population sample The researcher used Krejcie and Morgan (1970) statistical table (Table1.1) for sampling. In all there are 32 public libraries functioning in Kenya hence researcher had included all 32 (100%) libraries in the study as per table 1.1. In all 32 public libraries in Kenya had 55904 registered members. As per table 1.1, researcher had randomly chosen a sample of 382 users from 32 libraries and distributed questionnaire to 382 users. Of the 382 users all i.e. 100% users had returned the questionnaire giving 100% response. Table 1.1: Table for determining sample size from a given population N S N S N S N S N S 10 10 100 80 280 162 800 260 2800 338 15 14 110 86 290 165 850 265 3000 341 20 19 120 92 300 169 900 269 3500 246 25 24 130 97 320 175 950 274 4000 351 30 28 140 103 340 181 1000 278 4500 351 35 32 150 108 360 186 1100 285 5000 357 40 36 160 113 380 181 1200 291 6000 361 45 40 180 118 400 196 1300 297 7000 364 50 44 190 123 420 201 1400 302 8000 367 55 48 200 127 440 205 1500 306 9000 368 60 52 210 132 460 210 1600 310 10000 373 65 56 220 136 480 214 1700 313 15000 375 70 59 230 140 500 217 1800 317 20000 377 75 63 240 144 550 225 1900 320 30000 379 80 66 250 148 600 234 2000 322 40000 380 85 70 260 152 650 242 2200 327 50000 381 90 73 270 155 700 248 2400 331 75000 382 95 76 270 159 750 256 2600 335 100000 384 Note: ―N‖ is population size ―S‖ is sample size. 22 1.8 Research methodology Present study used survey method as well as comparative method. A survey is one of the most effective and sensitive instrument of research which produces much needed knowledge. The study also used comparative method for comparing the development of public libraries and library legislation in India and Kenya‘ Comparison is the process of searching for likeness in difference, or difference in likeness. In its fully developed form; it seems to involve a transition of attention to and fro between the objects compared‘ 1.8.1 Data collection The techniques used by researcher to collect data were: - Questionnaire -Interview - Observation 1.8.1.1 Questionnaire: Researcher had prepared two sets of structured questionnaire to collect data: i) the questionnaire to librarians. ii) User questionnaire. Users‘ questionnaire (Appendix C) consisted of: users‘ profile, use of resources, use of services and satisfaction level. The librarians‘ questionnaire (Appendix B) consisted of the following sections and details: Section A : It was on general data which consisted of the name of the library, category of library, years of establishment, owners of the premises, library committee, legislation and library mission and vision. Section B: About collection development which consists of the following, books and other reading materials, number of reading materials acquired 2005-2009, number of collection in fiction and nonfiction, ranking of both fiction and nonfiction, children collection, adult collection, periodicals, newspapers, selection of library materials, main library income, planned expenditure, reference resources and inter library loaning. Section C: It is on finance, resources and organization which consist of the following: income, expenditure on reading materials, expenditure salary and 23 allowance, donations, membership profiles, registration and subscription of members and stock taking. Section D: This section is about users and services which consist of the following: borrowing of main collection for 2005-2009, borrowing of periodicals for 2005- 2009, in house borrowing, home borrowing, membership fees, adult borrowing, children borrowing, inter-loaning and bulk loaning and queries asked by users. Section E: This section is about manpower development and it consist of the following: name of manpower, designation of the staff, level of education of the staff, salary of the staff, refresher courses and names of fresher course taken during last two years. Section F: This section is about others which consist of the following: computerization, sections computerized, extension and cultural programs, the floor areas of the library, number of furniture and shelves, sitting capacity for children and adult and librarians comments. 1.8.1.2 Interview: Scheduled interview was conducted with Director of KNLS as well as librarians using a structured interview schedule which consisted of interview and observation on policy, budget and funds, planning, total users, lack of skills, etc. (Appendix D). 1.8.1.3 Observation: Non- participant observation technique was used by the researcher for collecting data. It assisted the researcher especially in the studies related to the behavior, it was used to obtain the correct picture of what was happening during that particular time of the survey, without influence by neither past nor future intentions or attitudes of respondents. Observation being a systematic viewing coupled with consideration of seen phenomena which ordinarily can‘t be expressed by users in a clear way. It supplemented limitations of questionnaire and interview methods where feelings and verbal information were not capably given (Appendix D). 1.8.1.4 Information sources: Researcher used both primary and secondary sources like historical records and other relevant information was collected from documentary sources either in print or electronic form about and on public library which formed part of review of literature. Secondary sources were used by the researcher to obtain information relevant to this study this was through literature 24 review the documents related to public library systems, KNLS Act and policies, etc. The researcher had done a comparative study of public library system in India and Kenya covering public libraries system in India and Kenya in context with: geographical, historical, government, political, economical, cultural, and educational and public library legislation in both countries and their detail structures. 1.8.2 Data analysis The tabulation of data received in every question was the essence of research more so on Questionnaire techniques, so the researcher in this study has combined both quantitative and qualitative data. However, a presentation of data was not in the same sequence of the questionnaire. Also to increase the cohesiveness and readability of the findings, related questions were analyzed together. The data collected with various techniques like questionnaire, observation and interview schedules was analyzed and clubbed together to give a full picture of the particular situation. Mostly the data analyzed was represented in table forms and graphs. The descriptive statistical measures like averages mean and percentages were used for the analysis of data wherever required. The research findings, recommendations and conclusions are drawn from the analyzed data. For possible improvement in public library system in Kenya the amendment to KNLSB Act has been suggested with the help of model Kenya public library and information services Act (Appendix A) in order to attain standards of the services and long term goals and objectives of the nation. The data on the comparison chapter have been analyzed on the parameters namely library movement, national library authority, state library council, municipal and other library council, state central library, district library, other libraries, finance, and manpower, etc. 1.9 Summary of major conclusions and implications: 1.9.1 Conclusions As compared to India, Kenya has failed to reach at grass root level, to eradicate illiteracy to develop reading interest and habit amongst Kenyan‘s. Due to several limitations of the KNLSB Act 1967, KNLSB has failed to perform its functions. 25 India has more than 2 lakhs public libraries. Mostly they are spread up to grass root level and trying to achieve objective of one village one library, representing one library for the population of 5900 people. While in Kenya, in all there are only 32 libraries, with one library representing population of 1,218,750 people. Total collection of books combined in all 32(100%) libraries in Kenya was 483882. Kenya provided. 0.012 books per person, 0.017 books per literate person in the country while 8.5 books per registered member of public library service which is far below IFLA/ UNESCO guidelines. Public libraries in Kenya do not have books collection even in the ratio of 1:1. This confirms the hypothesis ‘public libraries in Kenya both in service, staff, policy and collection are in the developing stage’ (hypothesis No 3). Kenya‘s national budget for year 2009/2010 was 850 billion Ksh, whereas the budget allocation for the same period for Kenya national library service was 603,411,563 million which constituted 0.07 % .The national education budget for the same period was 150 billion. Which also presents 0.4% against the total budgetary allocation for the Kenya national library service is 0.4% of education budget; hence, they have rendered very ineffective and inefficient services to the users. This confirms the hypotheses ‘public libraries in Kenya are economically disadvantaged’ (Hypothesis No 2). Government provides grants to KNLSB. However, KNLSB in turn does not provide grants to individual libraries in Kenya. KNLSB does all the expenditure on behalf of branch libraries. The sources of finance for KNLSB for five years under study were government grants 99.50% to 94.92%, donations 0.37% to 5.03%, and membership fees and fines 0.13% to 0.05% Main donor agency was book foundation. KNLSB has centralized system of procurement. In KNLSB Act, 1967 there is no provision for maintenance grants, however, KNLSB provides lump sum amount from government grant to individual libraries for maintenance and other expenditure. Library deposit is not taken from the users. Income received by KNLSB during 2009 on average per registered member was KSH 11370.79. KNLSB had received income on an average KSH 1.63 per person and KSH 2.22 per literate population. It can be further noted that on an average 605,671,747 KSH were received by KNLSB during last five years under 26 survey which is meager hence. This confirms hypothesis ‘public libraries in Kenya are economically disadvantaged’ (Hypothesis No 2). KNLSB acquired 160,323 books during 2004-05 to 2008-09. On an average per year 32064.6 books were acquired; which is far below IFLA/UNESCO guidelines. It can also be noted that on an average per library 5010 books were acquired per library while KNLSB acquired on an average 2.86 books per registered member, 0.004 per person and 0.005 per literate population, which is far below the IFLA/ UNESCO guidelines. The study also found that service provision to the minority users with sight disorder or blind was missing in all the library branches apart from the Head Office and 32 branches only one was offering the service which constituted 3.1%. This service is highly needed in mostly rural setup, where such group of users is found. This confirms the hypothesis ‘public libraries in Kenya both in service, staff, policy and collection are in the developing stage’ (hypothesis No 3). Of the 382 users 67.61% users were unsatisfied about library collection, facilities, staff and other services. Users were not satisfied about acquisition of nonfiction collection, users were also not satisfied with language of fiction and children‘s fiction collection. As regards general facilities users were unsatisfied with size of the library and display of new books. It can be noted that since students are the biggest group sitting and using library collection, users were satisfied with the services for the longer hours, it confirms the hypotheses ‘ Public libraries in Kenya are meant for student population’ (hypotheses No 4). 1.9.2 Implication of results Based on the results of the study following are implications: - Implications for the government of Kenya - Implications for Director, KNLSB - Implications for state/ provincial librarians and district librarians - Implications for Authors 27 1.9.2.1 Implications for government of Kenya  The government of Kenya should give formula for provision of funds.  Provision of sufficient premises for KNLSB and sufficient premises for provision of library services in each public library.  Public private partnership (PPP) to integrate the KNLSB management through elaborative strategic plan in all its operations  The government should provide population statistics up to location level. Census report should be published as it is an important statistical source of information for research  Kenya is completing 50 years of its independence. The Government of Kenya while celebrating Golden jubilee of independence should give golden gift to Kenyans by amending KNLSB Act, 1967. 1.9.2.2 Implications for Director KNLSB  For eradication of illiteracy public libraries should reach at grass root level by establishing network of libraries.  Autonomy in services provision be given to the state libraries  Preparation and publication of a national bibliography, which will meet international standards.  Policy of books for all be adopted  Recruitment of qualified staff and regular pertinent refresher courses, training programs, needs to be organized especially in the field of IT  The paradigm shift is needed by KNLSB moving away from the traditional and conventional services to internet services in all its operations. 28 1.9.2.3 Implications for librarians 1.9.2.3.1 For State/ Provincial librarians  Statistics of all the library services within the province be mandatory i.e. daily borrowing, gender membership, users‘ profiles, popular topics and authors, special collection etc  Co-operation and technical help needs to be extended to other libraries up to location level. 1.9.2.3.2For district and other librarians  Statistics of users, services, collection be maintained regularly.  Based on the census figures collection and services be provided to special group of users.  Develop links and share resource with other libraries within the district.  Minority and special groups be identified and services should be provided to such groups. 1.9.2.4 Implication for Authors As there is very scanty literature on library movement during ancient and medieval period, the researchers in library and information science should create oral history, document the facts and publish it in the form of research papers in journal or elsewhere. 1.10 Contributions to the research Following are the significant contributions made by the researcher to the existing knowledge: 1) Present study is a comprehensive attempt made by the researcher with regards to public libraries in Kenya in a more comprehensive scale, will significantly contribute to the existing knowledge. 2) The recommendations made by the researcher that; the lacunae in the KNLSB Act have been pointed out and suggested a ‗model Kenya public library and information services Act‘ 29 3) The study has used IFLA/ UNESCO guidelines and an overview of international scenario worthy emulating, which will be reference part for any given library Act in Kenya. 1.11 Conspectus. The research has been designed in chapters as follows: Chapter I: Introduction This chapter deals with general background of public library, objectives, characteristics and components of public library system statement of the research problem, aims and objectives of the study, scope and limitations, hypothesis and research Methodology. Chapter II: Review of literature. The chapter presents the scanned published literature on the subject by the researcher. It provided the background and context for the research. The collected literature is organized under the major headings: Chapter III: Development of Public libraries and library legislation in India & Kenya This chapter has presented comparison of public library legislation in India and Kenya by using a comparative method of research. Chapter IV: Public libraries in Kenya. In this chapter, researcher has described general information about public libraries finance, resources, and its development, services and manpower in Kenya. Chapter V: Users’ survey This chapter, discusses the public library services in Kenya from users‘ angle, therefore researcher has surveyed users of all 32 public libraries in Kenya with the help of structured questionnaire. The structured questionnaire covers the aspects of personal information, use of resources and services and their satisfaction level. Chapter VI: Findings/ Conclusions and implications This chapter presents a brief description of the results of the study, significant suggestions and Areas for further study. 30 1.12 Conclusions It is essential for any research to survey literature on the topic of research to get the exact idea of the topic; hence, the comprehensive relevant literature on public library system was scanned and presented in chapter 2.