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Gmelina arborea, (in English Beechwood, Gmelina, Goomar teak, Kashmir tree, Malay beechwood, White teak, Vemane ), locally known as Gamhar, is a fast growing deciduous tree, occurring naturally throughout greater part of India at altitudes up to 1500 meters. It also occurs naturally in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and in southern provinces of China, and has been planted extensively in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Malaysia, and on experimental basis in other countries as well. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.

Tree characteristics


Gmelina arborea is a fast growing tree, which grows on different localities and prefers moist fertile valleys with 750–4500 mm rainfall. It does not thrive on ill-drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy or poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shrubby form.

The Gmelina arborea tree attains moderate to large height up to 30 m with girth of 1.2 to 4 a chlorophyll layer just under the outer bark, pale yellow white inside.

Gmelina arborea wood is pale yellow to cream coloured or plukish-buff when fresh, turning yellowish brown on exposure and is soft to moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, lustrous when fresh, usually straight to irregular or rarely wavy grained and medium course textured. Flowering takes place during February to April when the tree is more or less leafless whereas fruiting starts from May onwards up to June. The fruit is up to 2.5 cm long, smooth, dark green, turning yellow when ripe and has a fruity smell.

This tree is commonly planted as a garden and an avenue tree; growing in villages along agricultural land and on village community lands and wastelands. It is light demander, tolerant of excessive drought, but moderately frost hardy. It has good capacity to recover from frost injury. Gamhar trees coppices very well with vigorous growth. Saplings and young plants need protection from deer and cattle.

Geographical distribution
In India, Gmelina arborea occurs extensively from the Ravi eastwards in the sub-Himalayan tracts, common throughout Assam and adjoining areas of Northern West Bengal, also in South Bihar and Orissa, sporadically found in western and southern India and planted elsewhere on a large scale. Gamhar most commonly occurs in West Bengal forests in mixed forests.

Utilization of the species
Gmelina arborea timber is reasonably strong for its weight. It is used in constructions, furniture, carriages, sports, musical instruments and artificial limbs. Once seasoned, it is a very steady timber and moderately resistant to decay and ranges from very resistant to moderately resistant to termites.

Its timber is highly esteemed for door and window panels, joinery and furniture especially for drawers, wardrobes, cupboards, kitchen and camp furniture, and musical instruments because of its lightweight, stability and durability. It is also used for bentwood articles. In boat building it is used for decking and for oars. Gmelina arborea is a popular timber for picture and slate frames, turnery articles and various types of brush backs, brush handles and toys also for handles of chisels, files, saws, screw drivers, sickles etc. The wood is also used for manufacturing tea chests and general purpose plywood, blackboards, frame core and cross bands of flushdoor shutters. In the instrument industry gambhar timber is widely employed for the manufacture of drawing boards, plane tables, instrument boxes, thermometer scales and cheaper grade metric scales. It is also used in artificial limbs, carriages and bobbins. It is an approved timber for handles of tennis rackets, frames and reinforcements of carom boards and packing cases and crates. Gamhar is used in papermaking and matchwood industry too.

Gmelina arborea leaves are considered good for cattle (crude protein – 11.9%) and are also used as a feed to eri-silkworm.

'Kumizh tree' when burnt yields the whitest possible ash;mention is made by certain 'rock art enthusiasts' that this ash is one of ingredient in the semi solid white ochre used to draw the very ancient 'cave paintings' as old as 3,000 t0 5,000 years or more; found in the dense foresrs of Tamilnadu. ref. The New Indian Express, page 2, 26.03.2012.

Use in Restoration
Gmelina arborea is a fast growing deciduous tree and is an excellent framework species. Firstly, saplings grow rapidly and survive well after planting in both lowland and upland sites. Additionally, their dense crowns shade out weeds and support nesting birds by the third year. In their fifth year, the fruiting and flowering commences and the fruits attract many birds and mammal species, which help to disperse the seed. G. arborea is resilient after fire, also making it an excellent framework species. This species should not be planted where it is likely to become shaded. In order to increases survival of planted saplings, use cardboard mulch mats. Because seedlings are prone to stem-boring beetles and leaf miners, it is also helpful to use insecticide and prune back affected tissues (FORRU,2012)

Medicinal uses
The root and bark of Gmelina arborea are claimed to be stomachic, galactagogue laxative and anthelmintic; improve appetite, useful in hallucination, piles, abdominal pains, burning sensations, fevers, 'tridosha' and urinary discharge. Leaf paste is applied to relieve headache and juice is used as wash for ulcers.

Flowers are sweet, cooling, bitter, acrid and astringent. They are useful in leprosy and blood diseases.

In Ayurveda, it has been observed that Gamhar fruit is acrid, sour, bitter, sweet, cooling, diuretic tonic, aphrodisiac, alternative astringent to the bowels, promote growth of hairs, useful in 'vata', thirst, anaemia, leprosy, ulcers and vaginal discharge.

The plant is recommended in combination with other drugs for the treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting. In snakebite a decoction of the root and bark is given internally.

Local names
Gmelina arborea is locally called by different names in different languages:
 * Languages of India:
 * Assamese- Gomari
 * Bengali- gamari, gambar, gumbar
 * Gujarati- Shewan, Sivan
 * Hindi- gamhar, khamara, khumbhari, sewan
 * Kannada- kulimavu, kumbuda, kumulu
 * Kasmiri- mara, shivani
 * Malayalam- kumbil, kumbulu, kumilu, kumiska, pokki
 * Marathi- shivan, siwan
 * Oriya- bhodropornni, gambari, kumar
 * Punjabi- gumhar, kumhar
 * Sanskrit-गम्भारी gambhari, सिन्धुपर्णी sindhuparni, सिन्धुवेषणम् sindhuveshanam, स्तूलत्वचा stulatvach
 * Sinhala- Demata
 * Tamil- kumla, kumalamaram, kumil(spelled as "Kumizh" nowadays as the nearest phonetic), Venthekku, ummithekku
 * Telugu- gumartek, gummadi, summadi
 * Languages of South-east Asia:
 * Burmese: ယမနေ
 * Laotian: ໂຊ
 * Mon: ရမ္မာ
 * Filipino: Yemane