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A HISTORY OF NATIVE AMERICAN RHETORICS
1823 - Johnson v. McIntosh Precedent-setting case between two white parties about property rights to land in America--no Native speaks, though Native interests are affected by the ruling.

1830s - William Appess who delivers “An Indian’s Looking-Glass for the White Man” and Eulogy on King Philip in which he states, “And while you ask yourself, ‘What do they, the Indians, want?’ you have only to look at the unjust laws made for them and say, ‘They want what I want.’”

1827 and 1839 - Cherokee constitutions

1879 - Thomas Tibbles arranges an East coast lecture tour for the Ponca leader, Standing Bear.

1879 - Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins lectures to criticize Agency mistreatment of Paiutes.

1881 - Constitution of the Osage Nation, The Osage constitutional democratic government is not recognized after 1898 by the U.S.; the cause is taken up again (with mixed results) throughout the twentieth century until it is finally ended in 1997. See Warrior, The People and the Word.

1881 – Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor “The first pro-Indian book to make a significant impact on the American reading public” ( Frederick W. Turner, “The Century after ‘A Century of Dishonor:’”) An appeal to the heart and conscience of the American people for repairing broken treaties, theft, and institutional termination.

1928 – Meriam Report Institute for Government Research report that denounces the Dawes Act, and criticizes the BIA.

1946 - Indian Claims Commission created

1953 – Thomas Banyacya who writes a letter on behalf of the Hopi to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to request recognition for their claims for being conscientious objectors. Mr. Banyacya helped win an understanding with local Selective Service officials that any Hopi who requested classification as a conscientious objector would receive it.

1955 - Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States

1961 - The American Indian Chicago Conference Ninety separate communities meet at the U Chicago to critique US termination policies, and draft the Declaration of Indian Purpose.

1966-1995 - Blackbird Bend litigation In a long and bitter series of legal battles, the Omaha nation seek to regain land along the edge of their reservation. They regain a small amount. See Scherer, Imperfect Victories.

1969 - Alcatraz Occupation Mobilized by ethnic studies programs at San Francisco State and UC Berkeley, Bay Area Indians allied with the American Indian Movement (AIM) occupy Alcatraz island, invoking the Fort Laramie treaty of 1868 for surplus federal land to claim it for a cultural center.

1970 - N. Scott Momaday who gives “Man Made of Words” keynote at the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars. See Warrior, The People and the Word.

1973 - Maria Campbell who publishes Halfbreed, the first book by a Native Canadian women since the death of Pauline Johnson in 1913.

1977 - Charles Aubid who testifies before US District Court Judge Miles Lord. Aubid appeals to use the memory of the deceased Old John Squirrel in a case about Anishinaabeg control of the annual wild rice harvest. (Vizenor, “Aesthetics of Survivance,” Survivance: Narratives of Native Presence).

1980 - Russell Means, “Fighting Words on the Future of the Earth,” Mother Jones Means critiques Marxism and calls for Lakota tradition. Importantly, he does so through the writing of someone who has recorded his speech.

1994 - Gerald Vizenor, Manifest Manners Vizenor formulates the concept of cultural survivance--survival and resistance--to describe Native signification.

1997 - U.N. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1997 - Delgamuukw v. British Columbia The Supreme Court of Canada gave greater weight to oral history as a form of legal evidence.

1997 - Robin Ridington and Dennis Hastings, Blessing for a Long Time Ridington and Hastings write an ethnography of Umon’hon’ti, which involves them in the story of the subject they document. They work with the Omaha to return their sacred pole from the Harvard Peabody Museum.

1998 - “Statement of Reconciliation” which Canada makes to its Native peoples, collected within Gathering Strength, Canada’s Aboriginal Action Plan.

2005 - Statement on Native American Languages in the College and University Curriculum: MLA Committee on the Literatures of People of Color in the United States and Canada http://0-www.jstor.org.library.unl.edu/stable/25595817

2007 - Ward Churchill who is fired from Colorado University for allegations of plagiary after publishing “"Some People Push Back": On the Justice of Roosting Chickens” (2001)

2008 - Malea Powell, “Dreaming Charles Eastman: Cultural Memory, Autobiography, and Geography in Indigenous Rhetorical Histories” A short mixed-genre (narrative, theory, poetry) essay in which Powell grapples with being “an Indian talking about what it means to be an Indian engaged in the archive, what it means to be the object looking back, the objectified engaged in the process of making knowledge about the processes that led to my objectification” (117).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adamson, Joni. “Cultural Critique and Local Pedagogy: A Reading of Louise Erdrich’s Tracks.” American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2001. 89-115. Print.

Deloria, Philip J. Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale UP, 1998. Print.

Kovach, Margaret. Indigenous Methodologies: Characteristics, Conversations, and Contexts. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2009. Print.

LaDuke, Winona. The Winona LaDuke Reader: A Collection of Essential Writings. Stillwater: Voyageur, 2002. Print.

Lyons, Scott Richard. “Rhetorical Sovereignty: What Do American Indians Want from Writing?” College Composition and Communication 51.3 (Feb. 2000): 447-468. JSTOR. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. PDF File. 

Lyons, Scott Richard. “There's No Translation for It: The Rhetorical Sovereignty of Indigenous Languages.” Cross-Language Relations in Composition. Ed. Bruce Horner, Min-Zhan Lu, and Paul Kei Matsuda. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2010.

Lyons, Scott Richard. X-Marks: Native Signatures of Assent. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2010. Print.

Mihesuah, Devon Abott, and Angela Cavender Wilson, eds. Indigenizing the Academy: Transforming Scholarship and Empowering Communities. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2004. Print.

---. American Indians: Stereotypes & Realities. Atlanta: Clarity P, 1996. Print.

---. So You Want to Write about American Indians?: a Guide for Writers, Students, and Scholars. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 2005. Print.

---. Natives and Academics: Researching and Writing about American Indians. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1998.

Powell, Malea. “Dreaming Charles Eastman: Cultural Memory, Autobiography, and Geography in Indigenous Rhetorical Histories.” Beyond the Archives: Research as a Lived Process. Ed. Gesa E. Kirsch and Liz Rohan. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2008. Print.

Powell, Malea. “Learning (Teaching) to Teach (Learn).” Relations, Locations, Positions: Composition Theory for Writing Teachers. Ed. Peter Vandenberg, Sue Hum, and Jennifer Clary-Lemon. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 2006. 571-580. Print.

Powell, Malea. “Stories Take Place.”

Scherer, Mark R. Imperfect Victories: The Legal Tenacity of the Omaha Tribe, 1945-1995. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1999.

Smith, Paul Chaat and Robert Allen Warrior. Like a Hurricane: the Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee. New York: New P, 1996. Print.

Smith, Linda Tuhiwai. Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. New York: St. Martin’s, 1999. Print.

Vizenor, Gerald. Manifest Manners: Narratives on Postindian Survivance. Lincoln: U of Nebraksa P, 1999. Print.

Warrior, Robert. The People and the Word: Reading Native Nonfiction. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2005. Print.

Womack, Craig S. Red on Red: Native American Literary Separatism. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1999. Print.

Category:Literature Category:Rhetoric Category:Native American writers