User:Heteroceraobscuralis/sandbox

Negidals (негидальцы; самоназва елькан бейеннін, на бейеннін «тутешній, тутешні, місцеві», амґун бейеннін «амгунський, амгунці»; заастаріла російська назва — гіляки / гиляки) — малочисельна (під загрозою вимирання) тунгусо-маньчжурська народність Приамур'я (Росія).

Сучасний етнонім є екзонімом — утворений від слова нєґда, що мовами евенків та ульчів означає «береговий, крайній»

Distribution
Negidals are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the lower reaches of Amgun River (formerly also in the Amur River region) in Priamurye, Russian Far East. Nowadays, the majority of Negidals live in Ulchskiy District and, to a lesser extent, in Imeni Poliny Osipenko District (mostly in Vladimirovka village) in Khabarovsk Krai; a number of Negidal families also live in Nikolayevsky, Nanaisky and other districts.

Negidalas remained a small indigenous group in the Russian Far East since the earliest censuses were conducted, as demonstrated by the Negidal Population Table. A major drawback of most censuses is unsufficient coverage of the Negidal population, particularly due to the Soviet censuses occasionally listing Evenks and Orochs as Negidals:

After the fall of the USSR, according to the 2001 census, 52 Ukrainian citizens identified themselves as Negidals, 31 of them identified Negidal as their native language, 11 people identified Russian as their native language, and none listed Ukrainian as their native language.

Language and subgroups
Negidals speak the Negidal language, which is a part of the Tungusic language family, theorized by some to be part of the controversial Altaic family. Negidal alphabet was introduced in 2009 but is scarcely, if ever, used. The majority of Negidals living in Russia speak the Russian language.

Negidal language has two dialects – Upper Negidal (Verkhovskoj) and the now seemingly extinct Lower Negidal (Nizovskoj); the dialectal division corresponds with the subethnic division into Lower and Upper Negidals, the two subgroups having local cultural, traditional and linguistic differences.

The Negidal language is considered nearly extinct; a 2017 study failed to find any active speakers of the Lower dialect, with only a few elderly people actively speaking Upper Negidal in Vladimirovka.

Origin and history
Negidal people are considered to descend from East Transbaikal Evenki that settled in the Amgun basin at least in the Iron Age. After branching off from the main Tungusic ethnic family and reaching the Okhotsk Coast, Negidals were geographically isolated.

The Amgun River served as a link connecting isolated Negidal settlements. Ancient Negidals who settled in this region relied primarily on fishing and kept their economic and cultural traditions. Although Negidals preserved traditional ties with the Evenks, they also began actively contacting autochtonous peoples such as Ulchs, Nanai and Nivkh, who consequently heavily infuenced Negidals' ethnogenesis, as well as cultural and economic life, and to some extent, integrated them. Generally, the formation process of Negidals as a distinct ethnic group was completed in 17th and 18th centuries.

From the middle of the second millennium until the nineteenth century, the Negidals, like other local groups, paid tribute to China and maintained trade relations with Manchu merchants.

Negidals first made contact with Russians in the 18th century. As Russia expands into the region, migrants from Russia and Ukraine begin to actively settle in the Far East. This leads to ethnic and linguistic assimilation and unsuccessful attempts to Christanize the indigenous population, including the Negidal people. At the same time, migrants from Europe brought with them economic changes (new types of housing, clothing, etc.) as well as agricultural expansion.

In the Soviet Union, Negidals, as well as a number of other Arctic peoples, had been affected by the collectivization and, especially, by the Soviet government's policy of liquidation of "unpromising villages" in the 1960s–80s, which was carried out by the local administrations. Particularly, in 1945, due to the merging of smaller kolkhozes, Negidals from Chukchagirskoye and Kamenka were resettled to Vladimirovka village.

Traditional life and society
Traditionally, Negidals relied primarily on fishing and hunting. Upper Negidals also practiced reindeer herding (exclusively as a means of transport). Negidals fished in winter and summer and hunted marine mammals (primarily seals) using harpoons. Hunting animals (reindeer, moose, fowl, etc.) for fur trade has also been widespread.

Both Upper and Lower Negidals employed dog sleds; and the Upper Negidals also rode reindeer sleds, occasionally sitting on the backs of reindeer. Boats and skis are two other traditional means of transportation. In the past, Negidals employed travois (called kelchi), usually for dragging large prey.

Negidals traditionally crafted clothing and footwear out of animal hides and fur and produced handmade household items (such as fur blankets or birch bark utensils).

Culture
У негідальців, в залежності від групи (низовські чи верховські), а головне — від пори року, існувало декілька типів житла.

У верховських негідальців був поширений переносний чум, взимку накриваний оленячими шкурами. Більш осідлі низовські групи негідальців узимку жили у зимниках — великих каркасних житлах з обігрівом у вигляді канів вздовж стінки, а влітку за житло правив літник — невеликий (на одну сім'ю) будиночок з кори дерева під двосхилим дахом. Універсальним тимчасовим житлом негідальських мисливців був лісовий курінь.

Traditionally, Upper Negidals lived in large movable chum tents, that were covered with reindeer hides in the winter. Lower Negidals, who were more settled, had winter lodgings—large carcass houses with a kang along one of the walls—while summer lodgings were small gable-roofed bark huts made from bark. Hunters built forest huts for temporary shelter.

Зрубні хатини з колод з'являються в негідальців лише наприкінці XVIII століття. Долівка такого житла встилали берестяними циновками. На деякій відстані від вогнища (пізніше запозичена в росіян піч) ладнали лежаки, які встилали хвойним гіллям і накривали шкурами тварин. Такі лежаки правили і за стіл для прийому їжі, і за місце відпочинку. Усе господарське начиння розміщалось по стінках і закутках помешкання.

Log cabins first began to be used by the Negidal people in the late 18th century. The flooring was made out of birch bark mats. A hut was comprised of a hearth (later a stove borrowed from the Russians) and beds, covered with conifer branches and animal hides. These beds served as both tables and resting places. Tools and utensils were hung on the walls or placed in corners.

Ще в сер. XIX ст. одяг і взуття негідальці шили з риб'ячої, нерп'ячих і собачих шкур. В традиційний костюм входили халати, кожухи і куртки (конго, наямі), ноговиці (мейєвун), взуття амурського (олочі) і тунгуського (лобдірма) типів. Чоловіки під час ловів носили фартухи. Усі негідальські жінки носили нагрудник з орнаментом на евенкійський манер. Головні убори — хутряний капор, шапка-вушанка.

Negidal garments, as described in mid-19th century, comprised clothing and footwear made out of fish skin, seal and dog hides. Traditional attire included robes, jackets and coats (kongo, nayami), leggings (myyevun) and different types of footwear (olochi, lobdirma).

Основу харчування негідальців у минулому складала риба. Дичина була постійної лише в раціоні верхньоанюйських негідальцев. Рибу и м'ясо заготовляли заздалегідь, зокрема, дуже популярним було виготовлення юколи. Також з риби шляхом тривалої варки, сушки і перетирання отримували своєрідне борошно (барча). Велике значення в меню мали дикі рослини і трави. Найулюбленіша страва негідальців — холодець (мосін) — з риб'ячої шкури, черемші і цибулі.

Fish had been the main staple food among Negidals in the past. Only Upper Anyuy Negidals consistently consumed hunted and consumed game. Fish and meat were preserved, a popular dish was yukola, dried fish or reindeer meat. In the late 19th century potatoes became a widespread crop; Negidals traded it for fish with Russians and Ukrainians.

Джерела, посилання і література

 * Смоляк А.В. Негидальцы // Народы мира. Историко-этнографический справочник., М.: «Советская Энциклопедия», стор. 325
 * Про негідальців на Сайті з підтримки прав корінних народів Сибіру, проект Новосибірського державного університету
 * Негідальці в електронній енциклопедії letopisi.ru
 * Штернберг Л.Я. Гиляки, орочи, гольды, негидальцы, айны., Хабаровск, 1938
 * Смоляк А.В. Этнические процессы у народов Нижнего Амура и Сахалина. Сер. XIX — нач. ХХ в., М., 1975
 * БСЭ (Велика Радянська Енциклопедія), 2-е вид., том 29, стор. 350.
 * Негідальська народна музика