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Article Evaluation - "Economic History"
Content

The article spends a lot of time talking about how "Economic History" came about but does not talk much about what it actually is.

Tone

The tone seems neutral throughout the article and their does not seem to be much of a bias throughout this article aside from not presenting very much information in relation to the US and Economic History.

Sources

"Financial" - the link leads to an empty WiKi template of "the history of finance" and is therefore not beneficial to the article

Talk Page

"Article Evaluation" - This article does not talk about the United States in as much depths as it does for other countries and does not talk about how economics has changed over time in the US.

Dr. O Grada's comments on this article that this article lacks the controversies that are in this field and that this article needs a variety of historiographic references and not just Boldizzoni who is a controversial person

Bhutan Gender Policy Note
''“World Bank Group. 2013. Bhutan Gender Policy Note. Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowl edge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16737 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.”''https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/16737/ACS45510PNT0P10Box0379884B00PUBLIC0.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

- Women work in lower quality jobs then men and earn 75% of mens earning

- In 1970 - 1 girl for every 50 boys was enrolled in primary school

- Work Force Participation: is 67% for women and men participation is 72%

Education and Economic Empowerment of Women in Bhutan Could Address the Gender Gap in Happiness
“Education and Economic Empowerment of Women in Bhutan Could Address the Gender Gap in Happiness.” World Bank, 4 Dec. 2013

http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/12/04/education-economic-empowerment-women-bhutan-gender-gap-happiness

Entangled between tradition and modernity: the experiences of Bhutanese working women
Dayaram, Kandy and David Pick. "Entangled between Tradition and Modernity: The Experiences of Bhutanese Working Women." Society and Business Review 7, no. 2 (2012): 134-148, http://csulb.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1022733947?accountid=10351

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1022733947?accountid=10351&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo

Bhutan Gains Ground on Gender Equality But Challenges Remain in Key Areas
"Bhutan Gains Ground on Gender Equality but Challenges Remain in Key Areas." Targeted News Service, Aug 25, 2014. http://csulb.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/1555866347?accountid=10351.

- Women fall behind in University education, employment, and government jobs (ADB Report)

- Held back by gender stereotypes about their role

- GNH shows less satisfaction among women than men

- Maternal mortality is high

- Early pregnancy contributes to the gender gap in higher education

The Guardian
Dudman, Jane. Bhutan's First Female Minister: Engineer, Equality Warrior, Former Civil Servant. The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 12 Apr. 2015, www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2015/apr/12/bhutan-first-female-minister-dorji-choden. - The number of women parliamentarians dropped from 14% - 8% meaning only 6/72 are women

- Choden says that she's beginning to see "girls take a full role through the whole education system"

- Choden has a chair in the National Bhutan Commission for Women and Children - A program meant to "promote women into more leadership roles"

- According to Choden women need to be more confident and take part in public life - says that "women and girls in Bhutan are respected and don't face direct discrimination"

The World Bank Blog
Lhaden, Tenzin. “Moving towards Gender Equality in Bhutan.” End Poverty in South Asia, World Bank, 8 Mar. 2018, blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/moving-towards-gender-equality-bhutan.

Women in Government
The women overall are being pushed behind men due to customs and different aspects of Bhutan’s culture that dictate a woman’s role in the household. These customs roll over to a woman's public life and can cause them to be timid and not confident in making their voice heard. This then leads to their voice in the government and impacts that they can make limited. Bhutan, however, has made steps toward equality between the genders by having more girls enrolled in school as well as creating the National Commission for Women and Children (NCWC) in 2004. This program was created with the intention of promoting and protecting both women and children’s rights. Bhutan has also recently elected their first woman Dzongda, District Attorney, in 2012 and their first female prime minister in 2013. Minister Dorji Choden is the chair for the National Bhutan Commission for Women and children and believes that this program can be used to “promote women into more leadership roles” which can then lead to women taking on a more active role in their society. Overall there has also been a gradual increase in women in power with a 68% increase in women representation from 2011 to 2016 election.

Women and Education
The number of girls in Bhutan receiving an education is increasing however, women still fall behind men due to things such as early pregnancy and gender stereotypes. Tertiary Education is a field in which Bhutanese women fall behind in, mainly due to high maternal mortality rates and early pregnancy. However, the primary enrollment rate for girls attending school was 98.8%, compared to boys which was 97% in 2016. This is due to the government increasing its investment in human capital in the last 30 years. When comparing boys to girls from the ages 6-12 it is found that there is actually 9% of boys out of school, compared to only 7% of girls out of school. When you compare the number of boys and girls from ages 13-18 a similar statistic is found in which there are more females in secondary school then there are boys.

Women in the Workforce
Women have begun to participate more in the work force and their participation is one of the highest in the region. However, the unemployment rates among women are still higher than those of men and women are in more unsecure work fields, such as agriculture. Most of the work that women do outside of the home is in family-based agriculture which is insecure and is one of the reasons why women are falling behind men when it comes to income. Women also, in general, work lower quality jobs than men and only earn 75% of men’s earnings. The unemployment rate among women is also higher than that of men. Women are held to the expectation that they should pursue education and join the work force but that they are also to maintain the household. They are encouraged to pursue careers however, this then conflicts with the Bhutanese tradition and causes arguments as to what exactly modernity means in the context of family roles. However, when you compare the literacy rate among the Youth and Adult population, males ages 15+ have a literacy rate of 65% while females only have a literacy rate of 39%.

Women in the Household
Rooted deep in Bhutan culture is the idea of selflessness and the women of Bhutan take on this role in the context of the household. For women the Buddhist values and what actually occurs are two contradicting things. Women and Men are viewed as equal but in reality the roles of women have been severely limited. Bhutan culture has shown a tolerance for domestic violence with nearly 1/4th of all women having had experienced some form of violence from their husband or partner. Some Bhutanese communities have what is referred to as matrilineal communities, where the eldest daughter receives the largest share of the land. This is due to the belief that she will stay and take care of her parents while the son will move out and work to get his own land and for his own family. An important thing to take note of is that land ownership does not equal economic benefits and that rather than the eldest daughter having control of the house it is the husband that is in charge of making decisions. However, the younger generation has stepped away from this believe in splitting the land evenly between the children instead of the eldest daughter inheriting the most land.

Women’s Health
Throughout Bhutan there has been an improvement in reproductive health services and there has been a drastic drop in maternal mortality rates, dropping from 1,000 in 1990 to 180 in 2010. There has also been an increase in contraceptive use from less than 1/3rd in 2003 to 2/3rd in 2010.