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A critical mineral is a commodity required for specific technological applications and exposed to supply risks, whose materialization would be significantly harmful to a society's economy or social wellbeing.

= Concept history =

Military concerns
The first modern attempts to evaluate the critical nature of mineral supplies appeared during WW1 to identify industrial vulnerabilities, with a first unofficial list dating back from 1917, established by Charles Kenneth Leith, mineral adviser to the War Industries Board. The first US official list was then established in 1921.

Globalization and concerns regarding supply chain weaponization
With globalization and growing economic interconnectedness, fears of economic vulnerabilities led to a second wave of analysis.

Climate transition policies and
In 2021, the International

= Conceptual definitions =

An analysis of mineral commodities, based on two aspects: supply risks and economic importance
In its original 2010 critical material list, the US Department of Energy defined criticality as "a measure that combines importance to the clean energy economy and risk of supply disruption". In its first critical raw material list in 2011, the European Union defined critical raw materials as "those which display a particularly high risk of supply shortage in the next 10 years and which are particularly important for the value chain".

Mineral or raw material ?
Whilst the US policymakers and international organizations, such as the IEA, have preferred the term "mineral", the term "raw material" remains dominant in the European Union.

Critical or strategic ?
The USGS notes that various similar qualifications have coexisted over time, including "strategic", "critical", "essential", "vital" or "strategic and critical", but "critical" appears to be the most frequent term.

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