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= Public Works Administration = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with Works Progress Administration. Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works project plaque in the Pine City, Minnesota City Hall

Public Works Administration Project and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructing Bonneville Power and Navigation Dam in Oregon.

Public Works Administration (PWA), created in 1933 as part of the first New Deal, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. The National Industrial Recovery Act established it in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion (about $10 per person in the U.S.) in the first year, and $6 billion (about $18 dollars per person in the U.S.) in all, to supply employment, stabilize buying power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves during 1933–35, and again in 1938. Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944.

The PWA spent over $7 billion (about $22 dollars per person in the U.S.) on contracts with private construction firms that did the actual work. It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and is still vital nine decades later. The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name, the Works Progress Administration (WPA), headed by Harry Hopkins, which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers.

Contents

 * 1Origins
 * 2Projects
 * 2.1List of most notable PWA projects
 * 2.1.1Water/Wastewater
 * 2.1.2Bridges
 * 2.1.3Dams
 * 2.1.4Airports
 * 3Housing
 * 4Criticism
 * 5Termination
 * 6Contrast with WPA
 * 7Notes
 * 8References
 * 9Further reading
 * 10External links

Origins[edit]
The Roosevelt Administration created the PWA in an attempt to help the U.S.'s economy recover after the Great Depression. Its major objective was to reduce unemployment, which was up to 24% of the work force. Furthermore the PWA also aimed at increasing purchase power by constructing new public buildings and roads. Frances Perkins had first suggested a federally financed public works program, and the idea received considerable support from Harold L. Ickes, James Farley, and Henry Wallace. After having scaled back the initial cost of the PWA, Franklin Delano Roosevelt agreed to include the PWA as part of his New Deal proposals in the "Hundred Days" of spring 1933.

Projects[edit]
The PWA headquarters in Washington planned projects, which were built by private construction companies hiring workers on the open market. Unlike the WPA, this federal agency did not hire the unemployed directly. More than any other New Deal program, the PWA epitomized the progressive notion of "priming the pump" to encourage economic recovery. Between July 1933 and March 1939, the PWA funded and administered the construction of more than 34,000 projects including airports, large electricity-generating dams, major warships for the Navy, and bridges, as well as 70% of the new schools and one-third of the hospitals built during 1933-1939.

Streets and highways were the most common PWA projects, with 11,428 road projects, totally 33% of all PWA projects, and accounting for over 15% of its total budget. School buildings, 7,488 in all, came in second at 14% of spending. The PWA also did a great deal of repairs to existing building as well. PWA functioned chiefly by making allotments to the various Federal agencies; making loans and grants to state and other public bodies; and making loans without grants (for a brief time) to the railroads. For example, it provided funds for the Indian Division of the Civilian Conservation Corps to build roads, bridges, and other public works on and near Indian reservations.

The PWA became, with its "multiplier-effect" and a first two-year budget of $3.3 billion (compared to the entire GDP of $60 billion), the driving force of America's biggest construction effort up to that date. By June 1934, the agency had distributed its entire fund to 13,266 federal projects and 2,407 non-federal projects. For every worker on a PWA project, almost two additional workers were employed indirectly. The PWA accomplished the electrification of rural America, the building of canals, tunnels, bridges, highways, streets, sewage systems, and housing areas, as well as hospitals, schools, and universities; every year it consumed roughly half of the concrete and a third of the steel of the entire nation. The PWA also electrified the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, DC. At the local level it built courthouses, schools, hospitals, and other public facilities that remain in use in the 21st century.

List of most notable PWA projects[edit]

 * Lincoln Tunnel in New York City
 * Bankhead Tunnel in Mobile, Alabama

Bridges[edit]

 * Overseas Highway connecting Key West, Florida, to the mainland
 * Triborough Bridge
 * Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge
 * Bourne Bridge
 * Sagamore Bridge

Dams[edit]

 * Fort Peck Dam
 * Hoover Dam
 * Grand Coulee Dam - overflow 1968.jpg Coulee Dam in Washington state
 * Pensacola Dam
 * Mansfield Dam
 * Tom Miller Dam
 * Upper Mississippi River locks and dams

Airports[edit]

 * List of New Deal airports

Housing[edit]
The PWA was supposed to be the centerpiece of the New Deal's drive to build public housing for the urban poor. Public housing was a new concept in the United States, tested for the first time during the New Deal. With this in mind the PWA constructed a total of 52 housing communities for a total of 29,000 units, which was less than what many supporters of public housing had hoped for. The very first public housing community built by PWA was the whites only Techwood Homes in Atlanta, Georgia. The PWA also built one of the first public housing projects in New York City, the Williamsburg Houses in Brooklyn.

Criticism[edit]
The PWA spent over $6 billion but did not succeed in returning the level of industrial activity to pre-depression levels. Though successful in many aspects, it has been acknowledged '''[acknowledged by whom? At minimum this needs a source, better yet, write in active voice crediting whoever acknowledged this]''' that the PWA's objective of constructing a substantial number of quality, affordable housing units was a major failure. Some '''[who are some? needs a citation]''' have argued that because Roosevelt was opposed to deficit spending, there was not enough money spent to help the PWA achieve its housing goals.

Reeves (1973) '''[who is Reeves? Use Wikipedia citation style instead. Need footnotes throughout this paragraph] argues that Roosevelt's competitive theory of administration [ what is this theory?]''' proved to be inefficient and produced delays. The competition over the size of expenditure, the selection of the administrator, and the appointment of staff at the state level, led to delays and the ultimate failure of PWA as a recovery instrument. As director of the budget, Lewis Douglas overrode the views of leading senators in reducing appropriations to $3.5 billion and in transferring much of that money to other agencies instead of their own specific appropriations. The cautious and penurious Ickes won out over the more imaginative Hugh S. Johnson as chief of public works administration. Political competition between rival Democratic state organizations and between Democrats and Progressive Republicans led to delays in implementing PWA efforts on the local level. Ickes instituted quotas for hiring skilled and unskilled Black people in construction financed through the Public Works Administration (PWA). Resistance from employers and unions was partially overcome by negotiations and implied sanctions. Although results were ambiguous, the plan helped provide African Americans with employment, especially among unskilled workers.

Legacy
The PWA was responsible for the construction of about 34,000 buildings, bridges, and homes many of which are still in use today. Among these is one of the most recognizable bridges in the U.S., the Triborough Bridge, which was renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge. PWA funded workers to construct the San Francisco Mint, which cost $1,072,254 to build, as well as the Keys Overseas Highway in Florida. Although this highway was already built prior to the PWA's existence, PWA funding made the road usable again. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane had heavily damaged the highway, and the Florida East Coast Railway was only able to repair the bridge after the PWA came in and offered assistance. A large majority of PWA projects are still in use today because of one big reason: the PWA allowed the state and local governments to pick what they wanted to have built or repaired, where they wanted the project as well as who they wanted to build it. Such freedom gave local governments the ability to select a truly useful building that could be used for years down the line.

Termination[edit]
When President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved industry toward World War II production, the PWA was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Federal Works Agency in June 1943. The PWA played an indirect hand in the war by helping fund the construction of two aircraft carriers, Yorktown and Enterprise. Both of theses ships played a significant role in the victory in Midway when the ships sank four Japanese aircraft carriers. The PWA also built four cruisers, four heavy destroyers, light destroyers, submarines, planes, engines, and even instruments for these vessels. The PWA help make the USA get ready to fight in WWII, giving the USA a big advantage having fresh boats, planes, and equipment.

Contrast with WPA[edit]
The PWA should not be confused with its great rival the Works Progress Administration (WPA), though both were part of the New Deal. The WPA, headed by Harry Hopkins, engaged in smaller projects in close cooperation with local governments—such as building a city hall, sewers, or sidewalks. The PWA projects were much larger in scope, such as giant dams. The WPA hired only people on relief who were paid directly by the federal government. The PWA gave contracts to private firms that did all the hiring on the private sector job market. The WPA also had youth programs (the NYA), projects for women, and art projects that the PWA did not have.

Notes[edit]

 * 1) ^
 * 2) ^ Smith (2006)
 * 3) ^ Watkins (1990)
 * 4) ^ George McJimsey, The Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (2000) "PWA (1939)", p 221;
 * 5) ^
 * 6) ^ Lowry (1974)
 * 7) ^
 * 8) ^
 * 9) ^
 * 10) ^
 * 11) ^
 * 12) ^ Hunt (1997); Cam (1939)
 * 13) ^
 * 14) ^ Jump up to:a b c Graham
 * 15) ^ Jump up to:a b c Leuchtenburg
 * 16) ^ Kruman
 * 17) ^
 * 18) ^ Olson, James Stuart. Historical Dictionary of the Great Depression, 1929–1940. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. ISBN 0-313-30618-4
 * 19) ^ Nick Taylor, American-made: The enduring legacy of the WPA (2008).

References[edit]

 * Ickes, Harold L. Back to Work: The Story of PWA (1935)
 * Ickes, Harold L. "The Place of Housing in National Rehabilitation," Journal of Land & Public Utility Economics, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 1935), pp. 109–116 in JSTOR
 * PWA, America Builds. The Record of PWA. 1939 online edition

Further reading[edit]

 * Cam, Gilbert A. "United States Government Activity in Low-Cost Housing, 1932-38," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 47, No. 3 (Jun. 1939), pp. 357–378; in JSTOR
 * Clarke, Jeanne Nienaber. Roosevelt's Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal. 1996. 414 pp.
 * Graham, Otis L., Jr., and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt, His Life and Times. New York: Da Capo Press, 1985, pp. 336–337.
 * Hunt, D. Bradford. "America: Lost Opportunities," Reviews in American History, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Dec. 1997), pp. 637–642 in JSTOR on public housing
 * Kruman, Marie W. "Quotas for Blacks: the Public Works Administration and the Black Construction Worker." Labor History 1975 16(1): 37–51. ISSN 0023-656X Fulltext: in Ebsco
 * Leuchtenburg, William E. Franklin D Roosevelt and the New Deal. New York: Harper & Row, 1963, pp. 133–34.
 * Lowry, Charles B. "The PWA in Tampa: A Case Study," Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Apr. 1974), pp. 363–380 in JSTOR
 * Reeves, William D. "PWA and Competitive Administration in the New Deal." Journal of American History 1973 60(2): 357–372. in JSTOR
 * Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956 (2006), the major scholarly study excerpt
 * Watkins, T. H. Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold L. Ickes, 1874–1952. (1990). 1010 pp. biography