User:HistoryofIran/Mohammad Ali Tarbiyat

Mirza Mohammad Ali Tarbiyat (1877 – 16 January 1940) was a political and cultural figure in Iran during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi eras.

Biography
Born in 1877, Tarbiyat was from the Nobar district of Tabriz in northwestern Iran. Through his paternal side, Tarbiyat is considered by many sources to be the great-great-son of Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi, the chief secretary of the Iranian shah (king) Nader Shah ((r. 1736 – 1747)) and author of the Jahangosha-ye Naderi ("The World Conqueror of Nader"). However, Hassan Taqizadeh believed that Tarbiyat's connection to Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi was through the maternal side of his father or grandfather, based on a statement by a relative of Tarbiyat's father. At Molla Zain al-Abedin's school, Tarbiyat completed his elementary education. There, he studied law, Arabic literature, logic, philosophy, natural science, mathematics, astronomy, geometry, and jurisprudence. He completed his education in French and English from Mirza Nasrollah Khan Seif al-Atibba, and he finished his medical training under Mohammad Kermanshahi Kofri.

Between 1893/94 and 1895/96, Tarbiyat was a natural science teacher at the public Mozaffari school in Tabriz. It was in 1898/99 that he took on the surname "Tarbiyat" (meaning "Education") after he and Hasan Taqizadeh, Hossein Adalat, Abol-Zia Sayyed Mohammad Shabestari, founded a modern school and bookstore in Tabriz. Intellectuals like Yussef E'tesami gathered to discuss new books and engage in political debates. The bookstore served as a central hub for Persian, Arabic, and Turkish publications. However, complaints from the general public and extremists of religion quickly forced the school's closure.

Before the Loqmaniyeh school in Tabriz closed in 1901/02, Tarbiyat also taught literature, geography, and astronomy there. For some time, he was a pharmacist, and his shop served as a gathering spot for intellectuals in Tabriz to talk about the latest affairs. The magazine Ganjineh-ye Fonun was later launched in Tabriz by Tarbiyat. At some point in 1904/05, he came to Tehran at Malek al-Motakalemin's invitation to assist in founding the first national library, which also functioned as a reformist hub. The other co-founders were Mirza Agha Esfahani, Seyyed Nasrollah Taghavi, and Nosrat al-Saltaneh. Not long after, Tarbiyat and Taqizadeh visited Constantinople and the Caucasus, before the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911 began.

On 16 January 1940, Tarbiyat died in Tehran.