User:Hminckepstcc/sandbox

Topic - Boston Massacre https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Massacre

Fact: Amid tense relations between the civilians and the soldiers, a mob formed around a British sentry and verbally abused him. He was eventually supported by seven additional soldiers, led by Captain Thomas Preston, who were hit by clubs, stones, and snowballs. Boston_Massacre

“Boston Massacre.” The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2018. ISBN: 1786848465 ISBN: 9781786848468

"The troops, constantly tormented by irresponsible gangs, finally (Mar. 5, 1770) fired into a rioting crowd and killed five men—three on the spot, two of wounds later."

“The Boston Massacre (1770).” The Encyclopedia of The Continental Congresses, 2015, pp. 111–16. ISBN: 1619251752 ISBN: 9781619251755 EISBN: 9781619251762 EISBN: 1619251760

"As the newspaper The Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary reported on 8 March 1770, “Monday Evening the 5th of March, Several Soldiers of the 29th Regiment were abusive in the Street, with their Cutlasses, striking a Number of Persons: About 9 o'clock some young Lads going thro’ a narrow Alley that leads from Cornhill to Brattle-Street, met three Soldiers, two of them with drawn Cutlasses, and one with a Pair of Tongs, who stop'd the Lads, and made a stroke at them, which they returned; having Sticks in their Hands; one of the Lads was wounded in the Arm; presently 10 or 12 Soldiers came from the Barracks with their Cutlasses drawn, but not being able to get thro’ the Alley, they went down towards the Square, and came up to Cornhill, when a Scuffle ensued, some seeing the naked Swords flourishing ran and set the Bells a ringing.”

Johansen, Bruce, and R. Don Higginbotham. “March, 1770: Boston Massacre.” The United States at War, vol. 1, 2005, pp. 26–29.

EISBN: 9781587653131 EISBN: 1587653133

"The crowd increased, especially after someone rang the bell in the old Brick Meeting House; men and boyshurled snowballs and pieces of ice at the crimson-coated regulars and,with cries of “lobster,” “bloody-back,” and “coward,” taunted them to retaliate." MLA 8th Edition (Modern Language Assoc.) Super, John C. The United States at War. Salem Press, 2005.

APA 7th Edition (American Psychological Assoc.) Super, J. C. (2005). The United States at War. Salem Press.

Phase 3 - Boston Massacre Wineburg, Sam. “The Silence of the Ellipses: Why History Can’t Be About Telling Our Children Lies.” Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 102, no. 5, Feb. 2021, pp. 8 11. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0031721721992558. “The Silence of the Ellipses: Why History Can’t Be About Telling Our Children Lies” from the EBSCOhost database is an article where Sam Wineburg explores the truth in the history that is in the textbooks. He believes that the truth of our history should be told so that we can better understand who we were and who we want to be. One example is Crispus Attucks and the Boston Massacre. Wineburg explores who he was before the attack, how he was a freed slave, why he was particularly angry with the British soldiers, and how he was portrayed after his death, in the trial for the soldiers. While Attucks is now included in the history books; his full story is not. Eric Hinderaker. Boston’s Massacre. Harvard University Press, 2017. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/692211. In Eric Hinderaker’s ebook Boston’s Massacre, he discusses the Boston Massacre and why it is one of the least understood events in U.S.    history. Hinderaker tells of three African American witnesses called by the defense that are often left out of the historical accounts. One of which was a slave and gave the longest testimony at the trial. The slave became a valuable, but forgotten witness.

Phase 4

"With 4,000 British troops quartered among the town's 15,000 inhabitants, tensions had simmered for months, especially between Boston's dockworkers and off-duty soldiers, who undercut them for odd jobs. As night fell on March 5, a gaggle of dockworkers marched from the waterfront toward King Street to join the crowd and started heaving "snow balls, oyster shells, clubs, white birch sticks three inches and an half diameter" at the sentry and his compatriots (Trial of the British Soldiers, 1824)."

Summary: Crispus Attucks and the other colonists were angry because the British Soldiers had been forced upon them, and then they were taking their jobs by taking less pay.

"Strikingly, Preston’s lawyers called three African American wit­nesses to the stand. One of them, a slave named Andrew who was owned by Oliver Wendell, gave the lengthiest testimony of any witness in the trial and introduced several striking details into the narrative."

Summary: Three African American witnesses were called to the stand, one of them was a slave named Andrew Wendell who gave the longest and valuable testimony.

Phase 4.3

Church bells were rung, which usually signified a fire, bringing more people out. More than 50 Bostonians pressed around White, led by a mixed-race former slave named Crispus Attucks, throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon.Crispus Attucks and the other colonists were angry because the British Soldiers had been forced upon them, and then they were taking their jobs by taking less pay.

Adams also described the former slave Crispus Attucks, saying "his very look was enough to terrify any person" and that "with one hand [he] took hold of a bayonet, and with the other knocked the man down."[70] However, two witnesses contradict this statement, testifying that Attucks was 12–15 feet away from the soldiers when they began firing, too far away to take hold of a bayonet.[69] Adams stated that it was Attucks' behavior that, "in all probability, the dreadful carnage of that night is chiefly to be ascribed."[70] He argued that the soldiers had the legal right to fight back against the mob and so were innocent. If they were provoked but not endangered, he argued, they were at most guilty of manslaughter.[71] Farah Peterson, of The American Scholar, states that Adams' speeches during the trial show that his strategy "was to convince the jury that his clients had only killed a black man and his cronies, and that they didn’t deserve to hang for it."[69]Three African American witnesses were called to the stand, one of them was a slave named Andrew Wendell who gave the longest and valuable testimony.