User:Hondurazian/Books/Cognitive biases

Cognitive biases

 * Cognitive bias
 * Cognitive bias modification
 * List of cognitive biases


 * Problem 1: Too much information
 * We notice things that are already primed in memory or repeated often
 * Availability heuristic
 * Attentional bias
 * Illusory truth effect
 * Mere-exposure effect
 * Cue-dependent forgetting
 * Empathy gap
 * Omission bias
 * Base rate fallacy


 * Bizarre/funny/visually-striking/anthropomorphic things stick out more than non-bizarre/unfunny things
 * Bizarreness effect
 * Von Restorff effect
 * Picture superiority effect
 * Self-reference effect
 * Negativity bias


 * We notice when something has changed
 * Anchoring
 * Money illusion
 * Framing effect (psychology)
 * Weber–Fechner law
 * Conservatism (belief revision)
 * Distinction bias


 * We are drawn to details that confirm our own existing beliefs
 * Confirmation bias
 * Congruence bias
 * Choice-supportive bias
 * Selective perception
 * Observer-expectancy effect
 * Ostrich effect
 * Subjective validation
 * Semmelweis reflex


 * We notice flaws in others more easily than flaws in ourselves
 * Bias blind spot
 * Naïve cynicism
 * Naïve realism (psychology)


 * Problem 2: Not enough meaning
 * We find stories and patterns even in sparse data
 * Confabulation
 * Clustering illusion
 * Insensitivity to sample size
 * Neglect of probability
 * Illusion of validity
 * Masked-man fallacy
 * Recency illusion
 * Gambler's fallacy
 * Hot-hand fallacy
 * Illusory correlation
 * Pareidolia
 * Anthropomorphism


 * We fill in characteristics from stereotypes, generalities, and prior histories whenever there are new specific instances or gaps in information
 * Group attribution error
 * Ultimate attribution error
 * Stereotype
 * Essentialism
 * Functional fixedness
 * Moral credential effect
 * Just-world hypothesis
 * Argument from fallacy
 * Authority bias
 * Automation bias
 * Bandwagon effect
 * Placebo


 * We imagine things and people we’re familiar with or fond of as better than things and people we aren’t familiar with or fond of
 * Halo effect
 * In-group favoritism
 * Out-group homogeneity
 * Cross-race effect
 * Cheerleader effect
 * Well travelled road effect
 * Not invented here
 * Reactive devaluation
 * Positivity effect


 * We simplify probabilities and numbers to make them easier to think about
 * Mental accounting
 * Normalcy bias
 * Appeal to probability
 * Murphy's law
 * Subadditivity effect
 * Survivorship bias
 * Denomination effect
 * The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two


 * We think we know what others are thinking
 * Curse of knowledge
 * Illusion of transparency
 * Spotlight effect
 * Illusion of external agency
 * Illusion of asymmetric insight
 * Extrinsic incentives bias


 * We project our current mindset and assumptions onto the past and future
 * Hindsight bias
 * Outcome bias
 * Moral luck
 * Declinism
 * Telescoping effect
 * Rosy retrospection
 * Impact bias
 * Planning fallacy
 * Time-saving bias
 * Pro-innovation bias
 * Affective forecasting
 * Restraint bias


 * Problem 3: Need to act fast
 * In order to act, we need to be confident in our ability to make an impact and to feel like what we do is important
 * Overconfidence effect
 * Egocentric bias
 * Social desirability bias
 * Third-person effect
 * Barnum effect
 * Optimism bias
 * Illusion of control
 * False consensus effect
 * Dunning–Kruger effect
 * Hard–easy effect
 * Illusory superiority
 * Lake Wobegon
 * Self-serving bias
 * Fundamental attribution error
 * Defensive attribution hypothesis
 * Trait ascription bias
 * Effort justification
 * Risk compensation


 * In order to stay focused, we favor the immediate, relatable thing in front of us over the delayed and distant
 * Hyperbolic discounting
 * Appeal to novelty
 * Identifiable victim effect


 * In order to get anything done, we’re motivated to complete things that we’ve already invested time and energy in
 * Sunk costs
 * Escalation of commitment
 * Loss aversion
 * IKEA effect
 * Generation effect
 * Zero-risk bias
 * Disposition effect
 * Pseudocertainty effect
 * Endowment effect


 * In order to avoid mistakes, we’re motivated to preserve our autonomy and status in a group, and to avoid irreversible decisions
 * System justification
 * Reactance (psychology)
 * Reverse psychology
 * Decoy effect
 * Social comparison bias
 * Status quo bias


 * We favor options that appear simple or that have more complete information over more complex, ambiguous options
 * Ambiguity effect
 * Information bias (psychology)
 * Belief bias
 * Rhyme-as-reason effect
 * Law of triviality
 * Conjunction fallacy
 * Occam's razor
 * Less-is-better effect


 * Problem 4: What should we remember?
 * We edit and reinforce some memories after the fact
 * Misattribution of memory
 * Cryptomnesia
 * Suggestibility
 * Spacing effect


 * We discard specifics to form generalities
 * Implicit stereotype
 * Prejudice
 * Fading affect bias


 * We reduce events and lists to their key elements
 * Peak–end rule
 * Leveling and sharpening
 * Misinformation effect
 * Duration neglect
 * Recall (memory)
 * Modality effect
 * Memory inhibition
 * Serial position effect


 * We store memories differently based on how they were experienced
 * Levels-of-processing effect
 * Testing effect
 * Absent-mindedness
 * Tip of the tongue
 * Google effect