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Urban and Regional Planning in Western Australia
Urban and Regional Planning is the land use planning system by which governments seeks to maintain a balance between economic development and environmental quality. The State Government

The essential framework for the system was set in the Town Planning and Development Act 1928, establishing the three pillars of planning in Western Australia; Subdivision control, Metropolitan and Local Planning. The system has not altered much since 1928. The system today is administered under the Planning and Development Act 2005, which brought together all previous planning legislation under one law.

History
In its current form Urban and Regional Planning in Western Australia has only existed since the early twentieth century. Though, planning in Western Australia has existed in some form since before the settlement of the Swan River Colony in 1829.

Department for Planning and Infrastructure
The Department for Planning and Infrastructure is the Government department responsible for administering the Planning and Development Act 2005.

Following the election of the Gallop Labor in 2001 the Department for Planning and Infrastructure was created on 1 July, 2001. The new Department was created by merging the former Ministry for Planning and Department of Transport. While the Office of Road Safety moved to the Department of the Premier and Cabinet on 1 July, 2002.

Subdivision Control
Somewhat uniquely to Western Australia the control of subdivision is vested solely in the hands of the State Government. This arrangement has existed since 1928. Currently the Western Australian Planning Commission, an agency of the State Government, controls the subdivision of land in Western Australia.

World War II
Australia declared war on Nazi Germany one hour after the United Kingdom's declaration of war on 3 September 1939. At the onset of war, the Royal Australian Navy numbered two heavy cruisers, HMAS Australian and Canberra both carried 8-inch guns and had entered service in the 1920s - three modern light cruisers HMAS Hobart, Perth and Sydney, which mounted 6-inch guns. The older cruiser HMAS Adelaide also remained in The RAN also possessed 4 sloops, HMAS Parramatta, Swan, Warrego and Yarra, though only the Swan and Yarra were commissioned. The RAN's destroyer force consisted of five obsolete V class destroyers. The RAN also featured a variety of support and ancillary craft. Men and vessels of the RAN served in every theatre of operations, from the tropical Pacific to the frigid Russian convoys. By the end of the war the RAN's combat strength numbered 150 ships with an additional 200 auxiliary craft. The RAN reached its peak in June 1945 when it ranks swelled to 39,650. During the war the RAN lost 19 ships and 2,176 men and women died while serving in the RAN, 1,740 of them on ships of the RAN.

War in the Mediterranean


From Mid-1940 sips of the RAN, at the request of the Admiralty began to deploy to the Mediterranean Sea to take part in the Battle of the Mediterranean against Fascist Italy. HMAS Sydney deployed in May 1940 and was soon joined by Hobart. The RAN then offered the services of Australia to the Admiralty, the offer was gratefully accepted. When Australia arrived in the Mediterranean the RAN has sent nearly the entire combat fleet to the Northern Hemisphere, leaving Australian open to possible attack.

On 27 June 1940 Admiral Cunningham commander of the Mediterranean Fleet ordered the 7th Cruiser Squadron, which included HMAS Sydney to rendezvous with an Egypt bound convoy near Cape Matapan. The cruiser squadron sighted three Italian cruisers at 6 pm on 28 June 1940 and immediately engaged them. Within an hour the Italian cruiser Espero was incapacitated and Sydney was signaled to sink her. As Sydney approached the Espero launched torpedoes, but failed to hit any targets. Sydney fired four salvos, scoring 10 direct hits on the Espero. Sydney remained at the scene for two hours picking up survivors.

On 7 July 1940 a 25 ship fleet departed Alexandria intending to meet a convoy east of Malta. The next day a submarine reported sighting a Italian fleet 500 miles away, the fleet altered course to intercept. The two fleet sighted each other at 3 pm on 9 July 1940 and a battle that became known as the Battle of Calabria began. Four vessels of the RAN took part in the battle the; HMAS Sydney, Stuart, Vampire and the Voyager. Sydney was the first RAN vessels to engage the enemy and at 3.23 pm opened fire. The Italian fleet began to withdrawal, the Allied destroyer squadron was ordered forward. HMAS Stuart leading the destroyer force was the first to open fire; her opening salvo was fired at a range of 12,600 yards and was recorded as a direct hit. The Italian fleet retired under smoke and the Allied fleet retired. The fleet remained under constant air attack and Sydney which came under heavy attack was believed to have sunk. The fleet arrived back in Alexandria on 13 July.

On 17 July 1940 HMAS Sydney was ordered to support a Royal Navy destroyer squadron on a sweep north of the island of Crete. At 7.20 am on 19 July the Italian cruiser were sighted off Cape Spada by the destroyers, Sydney 40 miles away began to steam towards the enemy destroyers at over 30 knots. Sydney sighted the cruisers at 8.29 am by that time Sydney had achieved a speed of 37 knots, she opened fire at a range of 17,360 metres. The Italian cruisers began to retire from the area under a smokescreen with Sydney and the destroyers in pursuit. Sydney scored her first direct hit on the Giovanni dalle Bande Nere at 8.35 am and at the same time began to score repeated hits on the Bartolomeo Colleoni which by 9.25 am was incapacitated. Captain John Collins ordered the destroyers to sink the Colleoni, Collins who had maintained radio silence for two hours sent the following message.One cruiser sunk. Ammunition practically gone By 10.27 am Collins decided to end the chase, largely due to the fact that the Sydney was almost out of ammunition. Sydney though hit several times during the battle she suffered no casualties, but casualties were suffered in subsequent air attacks.

On 6 September 1940 HMAS Australia was ordered to sail to Freetown, Sierra Leone to join an invasion force. On 19 September Australia and the RN cruiser HMS Cumberland sighted three Vichy French cruisers heading south and shadowed them. When one of them the Gloire developed engine trouble, Australia escorted her towards Casablanca and returned to the fleet two days later. On 23 September Australia came under heavy fire from shore batteries and then drove two Vichy destroyers back into port. Australia then engaged and sunk the destroyer L'Audacieux with eight salvos in sixteen minutes. Over the next two days French and Allied forces exchanged fire; the Australia was struck twice and lost her Walrus amphibian. Australia and the rest of the fleet retired on 25 September the battle became known as the Battle of Dakar.

On 27 March 1941 an Allied fleet under Admiral Cunningham was ambushed by an Italian naval force off Cape Matapan, Greece. Three vessels of the RAN took part in the battle; HMAS Perth, Stuart and Vampire. The victory at Cape Matapan allowed the evacuation of thousands of Allied troops from Crete.

Scrap Iron Flotilla
The Scrap Iron Flotilla was an Australian destroyer group that operated in the Mediterranean and Pacific during World War II. The name Scrap Iron Flotilla was bestowed upon the group by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels who described the fleet as a "consignment of junk" and "Australia’s Scrap-Iron Flotilla". The flotilla consisted of five vessels the Scott class destroyer HMAS Stuart which acted as flotilla leader and four V class destroyers; Vampire, Vendetta, Voyager and Waterhen. The ships were all built to fight in World War I and were slow and poorly armed compared to newer ships. The five destroyers which made up Australia's total destroyer force departed Australian in November 1939 destined for Singapore. In Singapore the destroyers carried out anti-submarine exercises with the Royal Navy, the RAN had not seen submarines since the departure of HMAS Oxley and HMAS Otway in 1931. On 13 November 1939 the flotilla sailed left Singapore for the Mediterranean following a request from the Admiralty for assistance. The flotilla took part in multiple actions while in the Mediterranean including the evacuation of Greece in April 1941, though the flotilla came to fame in the mission to re supply the besieged city of Tobruk. The resupply routes from Alexandria and Mersa Matruh to Tobruk became known as "Bomb Alley" and was subject to constant Axis air attacks. The flotilla which by this time was in poor condition but managed to make 138 runs to Tobruk carrying in ammunition and stores and taking out wounded soldiers. Vampire left the Mediterranean on 28 May 1941 but the remaining four destroyers remained until July 1941. Of the five destroyers three were lost during the war; Waterhen sunk in the Mediterranean on 30 June 1941, while Vampire and Voyager were lost in the pacific.

Red Sea
As well as serving in the Mediterranean Sea ships of the RAN also served in the Red Sea. In August 1940 Italian forces advanced into British Somaliland, after a fighting withdrawal the small British garrison was evacuated from Berbera with HMAS Hobart assisting in the destruction of the port and its facilities. To aid in the delaying action the Hobart sent a 3-pounder gun ashore, manned by volunteers from the crew. The volunteers were captures by the Italians, and then liberated only months later. Two RAN sloops joined the Red Sea force in 1940, the Parramatta on 30 July and the Yarra in September. In October Yarra engaged two Italian destroyers attempting to raid a convoy; Yarra drove the destroyers off saving the convoy. Though vessels of the RAN served in the Red Sea throughout the war, after 1941 larger vessels were deployed to Australian waters in response to the threat of Japan

War in the Pacific
After the Japanese attacks on the Allies in December 1941, the RAN redeployed its larger ships to home waters to protect the Australian mainland from Japanese attack, while several small ships remained in the Mediterranean. From 1940 onwards there was considerable Axis naval activity in Australian waters first from German commerce raiders and submarines and later by the Imperial Japanese navy.

On November 19, 1941, the Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the German auxiliary cruiser HSK Kormoran engaged each other in the Indian Ocean, off Western Australia. The two ships sank each other and the Sydney was lost with all 645 hands. The majority of the Kormoran's crew were rescued and became prisoners of war. Neither wreck has been found and the battle and sinking remain the subject of much controversy.

In March 1942 a joint ABDA naval force meet a Japanese invasion force in the Java Sea, the engagement became known as the Battle of Java Sea. The Leander class cruiser, HMAS Perth and the American heavy cruiser USS Houston survived the opening battle. Perth and Houston both attempted to move through the Sunda Strait to Tjilatjap. The Perth was torpedoed by Japanese destroyers during the Battle of Sunda Strait on 1 March 1942, and sank with the loss of 350 of her crew and three civilians. While 324 of Perth's crew survived the sinking and were taken prisoner by the Japanese, 106 died in captivity before the end of the war. The loss of Perth was the second major loss suffered by the RAN at the hands of the Japanese, its loss had a major psychological effect on the Australian people.

On 2 May 1942 two ships of the RAN joined a large American force in the Battle of the Coral Sea; HMAS Australia and the HMAS Hobart, both ships survived the battle. The Battle of the Coral Sea averted a Japanese attack on Port Moresby and possibly the Australian mainland. In late May and early June, 1942, a group of five Imperial Japanese Navy submarines made a series of attacks on Sydney and the nearby port of Newcastle. These attacks are one of the best known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II. On the night of May 31-June 1, the submarines launched three Ko-hyoteki class midget submarines against Allied shipping in Sydney Harbour. A torpedo exploded under the depot ship HMAS Kuttabul, killing 21. On June 8, two of the submarines shelled Sydney and Newcastle, with little effect.

On 1 December 1942 HMAS Armidale while attempting to land commandos off Betano was attacked by thirteen enemy Japanese aircraft and sank with the loss of 40 of her crew and 60 men of the Netherlands East Indies Army who were embarked. During the engagement Ordinary Seaman Teddy Sheean manned an Oerlikon anti-aircraft gun and was wounded by strafing Japanese planes, he went down with the ship, still strapped into the gun and still shooting at the attacking aircraft.

The RAN's biggest single ship loss of the war was that of the sister ship to Australia, HMAS Canberra at the Battle of Savo Island, in August 1942. In the early hours of the morning of 9 August 1942 the RAN heavy cruiser HMAS Canberra was severely damaged off Guadalcanal in a surprise attack by a powerful Japanese naval force. Canberra was hit 24 times in less than two minutes and 84 of her crew were killed including Captain Frank Getting. Following an order to abandon ship Canberra was sunk the next day by a torpedo from a US destroyer. Following the loss of Canberra, the British Government approved the transfer of HMS Shropshire to Australia as a replacement and the ship commissioned into the Royal Australian Navy as HMAS Shropshire on 20 April 1943. American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt wished to commemorate the loss of Canberra and made a special request that an under construction American heavy cruiser be renamed as a tribute. A Baltimore class cruiser previously designated as Pittsburgh was renamed, and USS Canberra was launched on 19 April 1943.



In October 1944 three RAN warships, Australia, Shropshire and Ariadne took part in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Leyte Gulf also saw the first use of kamikaze aircraft by the Japanese. The Australian heavy cruiser Australia was hit on October 21 becoming the first Allied ship hit by a kamikaze aircraft.

Ten vessels of the Royal Australian Navy were present at the Instrument of Surrender of Japan in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945; these were the Ballarat, Cessnock, Gascoyne, Hobart, Ipswich, Napier, Nizam, Pirie, Shropshire and Warramunga.