User:Houseofgirls/sandbox

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Orphanage (SECTOR):
This article has great information however lacks knowledge on my specific area, Pakistan. I plan to add a section on Pakistan to the list of countries in this article as well as explain why it hasn't moved from orphanages to the foster care system, which is a common theme among the other countries. Pakistan has not taken part in the deinstitutionalization of orphanages and the reasoning behind it can explain why funding and increasing awareness of non-profit orphanages are so important. (I will use sources relating to other countries to compare and contrast with Pakistan.) I also want to add additional information on the reason for deinstitutionalization of orphanages in general and find scholarly sources to add to this section.

Education in Pakistan (AREA)
This is another great article however under gender disparity they have not expanded enough on girls education specifically which is something I can add. Also class disparity and access to education was not discussed which is important when understanding the education of low-income individuals.

Addition to an article
Orphanage Deinstitutionalization Foster care is where children are taken from homes due to the lack of care or abuse of their parents, where orphanages taken in children with no parents or children whose parents have dropped them off for a better life due to typically income. O’Sullivan, J., & McMahon, M. F. (2006). Who Will Care for Me? The Debate of Orphanages Versus Foster Care. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 7(2), 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154406291104

Article Evaluation
I chose to evaluate the Orphanage page. Overall this is a great page however lacks information on my area, this is what I found:

Evaluating Content

 * The page focuses on the history and the deinstitutionalization of orphanages. This page included a lot of information on individual countries.
 * The article has valuable information and sources I can use when drafting my section for the article. As there is no information on my particular area I will have to find a lot of information on the reasons for orphanages dominating over the foster care system found in many other countries.

Evaluating Tone

 * Relatively neutral tones, provides a lot of information on the history as well as providing statistics

Evaluating Sources

 * Most paragraphs have multiple sources with scholars sources.
 * Specifically for Deinstitutionalization section it lacks sources and the one source it has isn't a scholarly source.
 * The links in the article worked

Checking the Talk page

 * There was no discussion on the Talk page.

Sector
Pasha, Aisha Ghaus, et al. “Non-Profit Sector in Pakistan: Government Policy and Future Issues [with Comments].” The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 41, no. 4, 2002, pp. 879–908. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41263385.

Ahmed, Feroz. “Aiding Underdevelopment in Pakistan.” MERIP Reports, no. 42, 1975, pp. 19–22. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3693727

Area
Sathar, Zeba, et al. “Women's Status and Fertility Change in Pakistan.” Population and Development Review, vol. 14, no. 3, 1988, pp. 415–432. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1972196.

Asghar, Saima, and Sajid Amin Javed. “On Measuring Inclusiveness of Growth in Pakistan.” The Pakistan Development Review, vol. 50, no. 4, 2011, pp. 879–893. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23617739.

Klitgaard, Robert E., et al. “The Economics of Teacher Education in Pakistan.” Comparative Education Review, vol. 29, no. 1, 1985, pp. 97–110. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1188145.

Non-Scholarly Sources
"Statistics". UNICEF. Retrieved 2018-10-23.

Pakistan
According to a UNICEF report in 2016 there are around 4.2 million orphaned children in Pakistan. Pakistan has had sizable economic growth from 1950-1999 yet they aren't performing well in multiple social indicators like education and health, and this is mainly due to the corrupt and unstable government. Pakistan heavily relies on the nonprofit sector and zakat to finance social issues such as aid for orphans. Zakat is a financial obligation on Muslims which requires one to donate 2.5% of the family's income to charity, and it is specifically mentioned in the Quran to take care of orphans. With the new use of zakat money from donations to investments it has a lot of potential in benefiting the development as well as the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation. Pakistan government relies on the this public sector on taking care of local issues so that they do not have the burden. Furthermore, only 6 percent of cash revenues are contributed to non-profits in Pakistan, and they are heavily favored by the government because its saves them money as non-profits are taking care of issues such as orphan care.

Introduction Section
Paragraph 5

Developing countries and their governments rely on kinship care to aid in the orphan crisis, because it is cheaper to financially help extended families in taking in an orphaned child then it is to institutionalize them. Additionally, developing nations are lacking in child welfare and their well-being because of lack of resources. Research that is being collected in the developing world shows that these countries focus purely on survival indicators instead of a combination of their survival and other positive indicators like a developed nation would do. This speaks to the way that many developed countries treat an orphan crisis, as the only focus is to obtain a way to insure their survival. In the developed nations orphans can expect to find not only a home but also these countries will try an ensure a secure future as well. Furthermore, orphans in developing nations are seen as a problem that needs to be solved, this also makes them vulnerable to exploitation or neglect. In Pakistan, alternative care for orphans often falls on to extended families and Pakistan society as the government feels puts the burden of caring for orphans on them. Although it is very common for Pakistan citizens to take in orphans because of their culture and religion only orphans whose parents have passed away are taken in. This neglects a population of children who need alternative care either due to abuse or parents who are unable to care for their child because of poverty, mental, or physical issues.

Barriers to Higher Education
Although education for women in Pakistan is a right since 1976 there is still a sizable gender gap, specifically in higher education for women. From data collected in 2003-2004 enrollment of women in bachelor degree programs was 43.5% as compared to their male counterparts who had an enrollment of 56.49%. Furthermore, in a study by Monazza Aslam it was concluded that an investment in women's education has a higher economic return that that of male education, and yet there is little importance put on women's education. This is due to the societal expectations and the value of women in Pakistan. The path to a higher education for women is rigorous and doesn't yield the same results as that of a man. Firstly, women are viewed as housewives and mothers, they are set aside for one purpose making the their education the least important concern for their families. Additionally, the decision to obtain an education is not up to women in Pakistan, their families whether it be their parents or their spouse get to decide the fate of their women. Since women are groomed for marriage their families are often concerned with teaching them household chores so that they can please their spouses and new families. If a daughter is given the opportunity to a higher education her family is often using it as a 'golden bracelet.' A higher education can be seen as high status and often showcases a families wealth, specifically to incentivize potential suitors. Furthermore, a man's education is valued above a woman's due to the gender norms in Pakistan as well as the non-existent social security. Parents will invest in their sons education and future because they will rely on him in their old age because they will eventually move in with him. Another issue for higher education for women is the financial aspect, already since the ultimate goal for a family is to get their daughter married they are focusing on obtaining money for a dowry, then before a women's education the education of their son is more important, and lastly higher education in general is very expensive which is a major barrier for some families. Lastly, another major issue for women are the lack of all women and coed schools, this limits many women in obtaining a higher education.

Obtaining a higher education is not an easy path. If a woman is married she is still expected to take care of her family and many women in Pakistan are not allowed to work outside of their homes, making it very difficult to get a job. Furthermore, even after jumping over all the obstacles once a women obtains a higher education she has to deal with the gender discrimination in the workplace, and many women will find that it is not easy to find well paid or managerial jobs even with a college degree.

Qualitative dimension
The nonresponses from the surveys, gender, age, type of degree, language, salaries, job location, government policies, and societal ideologies are all factors that are causing the lack of teachers, because of the difficulty of procuring a job in Pakistan due to these certain factors. Over 78% of teachers that were surveyed in this article were women, which also explains the lower employment of teachers, whether its due to societal or familial ideals.

Gender Disparity
Due to the lack of resources that reach many communities in Pakistan about 51% of the population is suffering from lack of education. In Pakistan the status of a women is based on their fertility, specifically that women are viewed as mothers and housewives. Due to a woman's status in Pakistan their lack of access to education starts off at a young age, as women are set as side for one purpose, becoming mothers.