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Garden

Audience, Purpose, Expertise - people who want to know the aspects of what a garden is, where to grow one and what one would look like. -purpose is to educate the individual on how to make or envision an article. - related to horticulture and gardening

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Major Assignment #1 :

Garden Article:

I combined the Design and Element Section together to look like this: Garden design is the process of creating plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license.

Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Most gardens consist of a mix of natural and constructed elements, although even very 'natural' gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a garden principally comprise flora (such as trees and weeds), fauna (such as arthropods and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include paths, patios, decking, sculptures, drainage systems, lights and buildings (such as sheds, gazebos, pergolas and follies), but also living constructions such as flower beds, ponds and lawns.

Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area. [9]

Garden with fountains, Villa d'Este, Italy. Garden of the Taj Mahal, India Royal gardens of Reggia di Caserta, Italy Chehel Sotoun Garden, Isfahan, Iran Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia Gardens of Versailles (France) The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India Tropical garden in the Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore in Singapore Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants. Shitennō-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan – an example of a Zen garden. Major Edits The culture of gardening reaches deep into antiquity, when Alexander the Great was reportedly awestruck by the magnificence of Babylon's gardens. Homer tells of the Garden of Alcinous, its fertility and symmetry of form.

The Romans were known for planting their gardens with the riches of Asia.[3]

Gardening was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse as a symbol of the concept of the "ideal republic". Evoking utopian imagery of the Garden of Eden, a time of abundance and plenty where humans didn't know hunger or the conflicts that arose from property disputes. John Evelyn wrote in the early 17th century, "there is not a more laborious life then is that of a good Gard'ners; but a labour full of tranquility and satisfaction; Natural and Instructive, and such as (if any) contributes to Piety and Contemplation".[4] During the era of Enclosures, the agrarian collectivism of the feudal age was idealized in literary "fantasies of liberating regression to garden and wildnerness".[5]

Jazz Age

Prohibition Main article: Prohibition in the United States Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933.

In the 1920s, the laws widely were disregarded, and tax revenues were lost. Well-organized criminal gangs took control of the beer and liquor supply for many cities, unleashing a crime wave that shocked the U.S. This prohibition was taken advantage of by gangsters, led by Al Capone earning $60 million from illegally selling alcohol.[9] The resulting illicit speakeasies that grew from this era became lively venues of the "Jazz Age", hosting popular music that included current dance songs, novelty songs and show tunes.

By the late 1920s, a new opposition mobilized across the U.S. Anti-prohibitionists, or "wets," attacked prohibition as causing crime, lowering local revenues, and imposing rural Protestant religious values on urban America.[10] Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 5, 1933. Some states continued statewide prohibition, marking one of the latter stages of the Progressive Era.

DELETE ALL OF THIS: Prohibition and organized crime's effects on the popularity of jazz Prohibition and organized crime in the 1920s and 30s fueled the popularity of jazz through speakeasies and records (in which jobs were provided by organized crime). There were many speakeasies providing a large number of jobs for jazz musicians run by organized crime. The sheer amount of speakeasies that popped up over time indicates jazz popularity growth. The fact that important organized crime leaders appreciated jazz music (especially Al Capone) and gave jazz musicians jobs indicates a growth in popularity of jazz. Also, the fact that the records of African American jazz in a time of segregation brought jazz to white people, leading some to listen and play it, shows a huge growth in popularity of jazz. Finally, the lucrative nature of speakeasies and other organized rackets demonstrates in part the popularity of jazz. Overall, Prohibition created the want for alcohol that later created speakeasies and an environment where jazz fit in (countercultural). Organized crime made a business of this and jazz skyrocketed into popularity.

Major Issue #2

Introduction to Garden:

A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, or enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature, as an ideal setting for social or solitary human life. The single feature identifying even the wildest wild garden is control. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials.

Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements including statuary, follies, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, dry creek beds and water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks. Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while others also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby or self-sustenance rather than producing for sale, as in a market garden). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.

Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space.

Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialize in design at multiple levels.

The most common form today is a residential or public garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden, which etymologically implies enclosure, often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, however, use plants sparsely or not at all. Landscape gardens, on the other hand, such as the English landscape gardens first developed in the 18th century, may omit flowers altogether.

JAZZ AGE ARTICLE Intro: The Jazz Age was a period between the 1920s and 1930s, where jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity in the United States. Beginning in New Orleans as a fusion of African and European music, jazz played a significant part in wider cultural change in this period, and its' influence on popular culture continued long afterward. The Jazz Age is often referred to in conjunction with the Roaring Twenties and the Prohibition Era and significantly affected by the introduction of radios nationwide. The Jazz Age was intertwined with the developing cultures of younger generation and also influenced the beginning of the European Jazz Movement. American author F. Scott Fitzgerald is widely credited with coining the term, first using it in his 1922 short story collection titled "Tales of the Jazz Age".[1]

Rum running/bootlegging As to where speakeasies obtained alcohol, there were rum runners and bootleggers. Rum running was the organized smuggling of liquor by land or sea into the U.S. Decent foreign liquor was high-end alcohol during prohibition, and William McCoy had some of the best of it. Bill McCoy was in the rum-running business, and at certain points of time was ranked among the best. To avoid being caught, he sold liquor just outside the territorial waters of the United States. Buyers would come to him to pick up his booze as a precaution for McCoy. McCoy's liquor specialty was selling high quality whiskey without diluting the alcohol.[15] Bootlegging was making and or smuggling alcohol around the U.S.. As selling the alcohol could make plenty of money, there are several major ways this was done. One strategy used by Frankie Yale and the Genna brothers gang (both involved in organized crime) was to give poor Italian Americans alcohol stills to make alcohol for them at $15 per day's work.[16][17] Another strategy was to just buy liquor from rumrunners. Racketeers would also buy closed breweries and distilleries to then hire former employees to make alcohol. Another person famous for organized crime named Johnny Torrio partnered with two other mobsters and legitimate brewer Joseph Stenson to make illegal beer in a total of nine breweries. Finally, some racketeers stole industrial grain alcohol and redistilled it to sell in speakeasies.[17]

I deleted the organized crime part of the article, because it was irrelevant to the article and what it talks about.

 Major Issue #3

Jazz Age:

The introduction of large-scale radio broadcasts enabled the rapid national spread of jazz in 1932. The radio was described as the "sound factory" and made it possible for millions of people to listen in for free. [30] These broadcasts originated from clubs in leading centers such as New York, Chicago, Kansas City, and Los Angeles. There were two categories of live music on the radio: concert music and big band dance music. The concert music was known as "potter palm" and was concert music by amateurs, usually volunteers.[31] Big band dance music is played by professionals and was featured from nightclubs, dance halls, and ballrooms.[32]

Musicologist Charles Hamm described three types of jazz music at the time: black music for black audiences, black music for white audiences, and white music for white audiences.[33] Jazz artists like Louis Armstrong originally received very little airtime because most stations preferred to play the music of white American jazz singers. Other jazz vocalists include Bessie Smith and Florence Mills. In urban areas, such as Chicago and New York, African-American jazz was played on the radio more often than in the suburbs. Big-band jazz, like that of James Reese Europe and Fletcher Henderson in New York, attracted large radio audiences.[32]

The language in the Jazz Age article is formal and does not need editing. The main focus on the Jazz Age article is really the layout.

Garden

Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden. Including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, (this can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth) spreading or self-seeding of the plants(annual or perennial), bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens. The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.

I believe that this article upholds the tone and Wikipedia read that is expected.