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= Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) Topics, Sources, Outline, Draft =

Topics to improve/create on the OMZ Wikipedia page and their related sources

 * Locations of OMZ around the globe (which oceans, gyres, seas)
 * Cover 30.4 million km2 globally or 8% of the ocean (Paulmier & Ruiz-Pino, 2008)
 * OMZs are between 100 - 1200 m depth on continental slopes or shelves (Levin et al. 2009)
 * Eastern Boundary Currents (Benguela, Canary, California)
 * Chan et al. 2008
 * Levin 2003
 * Pierce et al. 2012
 * Levin et al. 2009 - occurs from combination of upwelling and high productivity
 * Peru, Chile (Humboldt Current) - ENSO
 * Northern Indian Ocean (Bay of Bengal)
 * Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea, Arabian Sea, Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska
 * Santa Barbara Basin (anoxic)
 * OMZ in estuaries, enclosed bodies of water, other locations
 * Fluctuation of OMZ over time (seasonally, geological time scales)
 * Keller et al. 2015, 2017
 * Berelson et al. 2013
 * Gilly et al. 2013
 * Additional information about life in the OMZ
 * Fish: Keller et al. 2015, 2017
 * Forams: Bernhard & Sen Gupta, 1999)
 * Distinctions between hypoxic/anoxic zones and an OMZ: All OMZ are hypoxic/anoxic zones, but not all hypoxic/anoxic zones are an OMZ
 * Threshold values for hypoxia/anoxia and OMZ
 * Shelf hypoxia: <2mgL−1, 1.42 mlL−1, or 62.5µM (Helly & Levin 2004)
 * Anoxia: 0
 * OMZ: 0.5 mlL−1 (Helly & Levin, 2004)
 * Climate change affects on OMZ
 * Stramma et al. 2008, 2010
 * Chan et al. 2008*
 * More sources needed for how OMZs are both shoaling and deepening
 * “Water column stratification” (Stramma et al. 2008, 2010)
 * “Reduced ventilation of waters below thermocline” ‘’
 * “Decreased oxygen solubility at higher temperatures” ‘’
 * “Reduced ventilation of waters below thermocline” ‘’
 * “Decreased oxygen solubility at higher temperatures” ‘’

Outline for Changes in the Oxygen Minimum Zone

 * 1) Fluctuation of OMZ over time
 * 2) Fluctuation over long time scales
 * 3) Seasonal fluctuations in recent time
 * 4) Research or studies on affects of climate change on OMZ
 * 5) Future of OMZ and research efforts to model OMZ

Draft of Changes in the Oxygen Minimum Zone
The oxygen minimum zone has changed over time due to the effects from numerous chemical and biological processes that occur throughout the world. Many recent studies of the oxygen minimum zone have focused on its variations over time and how it may be currently changing as a result of climate change.

Some studies have aimed to understand how the oxygen minimum zone has changed over geological time scales. It is suggested that the amount of oxygen in the ocean was significantly lower many thousands of years ago and that the resultant oxygen minimum zone was much larger than it is today. On shorter time scales, it has been recorded that the oxygen minimum zone has increased in tropical oceans in the recent century. Additionally, oxygen minimum zones have recorded increases over the past few decades throughout the ocean.

Other studies have strived to model the potential changes to the oxygen minimum zone as a result of rising global temperatures and human impacts. This is can be challenging due to  the superfluous amount of factors that contributed to changes in the oxygen minimum zone. While many studies have concluded that the oxygen minimum zone is expanding in locations across the ocean. The factors that are important to the efforts of scientists to model changes in the oxygen minimum zone are numerous and in some cases hard measure or quantify. However, it is suggested by many studies that effects of an increasing oxygen minimum zone would have an impact on a variety of biological species and process within the oceanic ecosystem.

Research or studies on effects of climate change on OMZ:



Shoaling and deepening
More sources needed for how OMZs are both shoaling and deepening


 * “Water column stratification”
 * “Reduced ventilation of waters below thermocline”
 * “Decreased oxygen solubility at higher temperatures”

Fluctuations of OMZ over time


Fluctuation over long time scales (geological time scales)

Seasonal fluctuations in recent time (seasonality)