User:HugzApenguin/sandbox

Maria Navshab - wtdigoh

Jeff Martin - Jeffmartin9

Sarah Steele - HugzApenguin

CosmoPeng - strafingfire

Virginia Gabo - 123godawgs

Anh Vo - Maple 1005

Ethiopians

The adaptive mechanism of Ethiopian highlanders is quite different. This is probably because their migration to the highland was relatively earlier; for example, the Amhara have inhabited altitudes above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) for at least 5,000 years and altitudes around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) for more than 70,000 years.[61]Genomic analysis of two ethnic groups, Amhara and Oromo, revealed that gene variations associated with haemoglobin difference among Tibetans or other variants at the samegene location do not influence the adaptation in Ethiopians.[62] [Identification of specific genes further reveals that several candidate genes are involved in Ethiopians, includingCBARA1, VAV3, ARNT2 and THRB.[63] Two of these genes (THRB and ARNT2) are known to play a role in the HIF-1 pathway, a pathway implicated in previous work reported in Tibetan and Andean studies.] This supports the concept that adaptation to high altitude arose independently among different highlanders as a result of convergent evolution.

[Identification of specific genes further revealed several candidate genes potentially involved in Ethiopians, including CBARA1, VAV3, ARNT2, THRB, BHLHE41, CIC, LIPE, and PAFAH1B3. Many of these genes (THRB, ARNT2, and BHLHE41) are known to play a role in the HIF-1 pathway, a pathway implicated in previous Tibetan and Andean studies. When orthologs of CIC, LIPE, and PAFAH1B3 were knocked down in Drosophila, increased survival in low oxygen conditions was observed.]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4054780/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3708501/