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Connell

Plaut

Origins of Authoritarianism
The current authoritarianism originated since the pre-independence era. In 1973, the EPLF experienced a destructive internal rift. A dissenting group issued a statement critical of the leadership and denounced the EPLF as "destructive movement". The state criticized the current acting President and the former EPLF leader Afeworki's authoritarian style of leadership and his physical attacks on dissents. An internal struggle followed. 11 fighters were executed. Afeworki eliminated his opponents.

Subsequently, Afeworki extended his measures of dominance. A secret political party, the Eritrean People's Socialist Party, was formed from the most reliable cadres, as a vanguard of the EPLF. Strict military discipline was enforced and eventually became a culture of secrecy that was instilled into both fighters and civilians.

Ogbazghi: 1. coercive military force

a. culture of impunity

2. civil-society institutions as social control

3. Accentuate symbolic dimensions of socio-economic activities