User:HunterStudent2022/Anserine

== Anserine (β-alanyl-3-methylhistidine) is a dipeptide containing β-alanine and 3-methylhistidine (SOURCE). Anserine is a derivative of carnosine, which has been methylated. Due to its methylation, anserine is more stable in serum and resistant to degradation than carnosine. Anserine can be found in the skeletal muscle and brain of mammals and birds. ==

The pKa of the imidazole ring of histidine, when contained in anserine, is 7.04, making it an effective buffer at physiologic pH.

Notes for my Wikipedia Sandbox


 * 1) https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1113/JP272050 or https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27062388/
 * 2) Anserine is a methylated analogue of carnosine located in mammalian skeletal muscle.
 * 3) The regulation of the homeostasis of mammalian skeletal muscle anserine is through the circulating concentration of Beta-alanine.
 * 4) It is a histidine containing dipeptide, otherwise known as a HCD.

2. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28974740/ or https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-12785-7


 * 1) Blood flow in the brain is improved through the supplementation of anserine.
 * 2) Anserine has a better buffering capacity than carnosine at neutral pH.
 * 3) Anserine is not rapidly cleaved in human sera, unlike carnosine.
 * 4) Anserine supplementation on Alzheimer’s disease impacted mice recovered memory deficits.
 * 5) Anserine exerts a protective effect and improve memory function in these Alzheimer disease mice.
 * 6) HCDs act as biochemical buffers, chelators, antioxidants and anti-glycation agents.
 * 7) Anserine is a natural derivative that’s not cleaved by serum carnosinase.
 * 8) Anserine was first discovered in goose muscle in 1929 and was named after this extraction (anser is Latin for goose).
 * 9) Anserine is reported to be bioactive and to have both buffering and anti-inflammatory activities.
 * 10) Anserine treatment improved cognitive impairment in aged AD-model mice
 * 11) Anserine treatment improved the spatial-memory impairment exhibited by Alzheimer’s disease model mice.
 * 12) Anserine can suppress hippocampal inflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease model mice
 * 13) Anserine treatment can improve spatial-memory performance in AD-model mice
 * 14) Anserine treatment ameliorated pericyte degeneration and glial neuroinflammation. Pericytes are important in neurovascular unit function, and blood-vessel damage is a common feature in the Alzheimer’s disease brain.

3.     https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/9/2751/htm or https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30217069/


 * 1) Anserine levels are higher in the human kidneys, indicating a possible important role in the kidney.
 * 2) Anserine supplementation can improve blood glucose, proteinuria and vascular permeability
 * 3) Anserine plays an important role in activating the intracellular defense system under oxidative stress, by activating Hsp70 expression
 * 4) Anserine supplementation has proven beneficial for diabetic mice
 * 5) First intervention studies in humans that are pre-diabetic yield promising results.
 * 6) Possible renoprotective role of anserine in diabetes mellitus.

4.     https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6.pdf or https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072297/


 * 1) Anserine is absent from plant
 * 2) Anserine has important physiological roles in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory reactions, as well as neurological, muscular, retinal, immunological and cardiovascular function
 * 3) Beneficial for treating obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, and ageing related disorders, as well as inhibiting tumorigenesis, improving skin and bone health, ameliorating neurological abnormalities and promoting well-being in infants, children and adults.
 * 4) Also discusses goose skeletal muscle
 * 5) pKa is 8.27
 * 6) Anserine is absent from human tissue
 * 7) Anserine is absorbed by the small intestine and is transported in the blood.
 * 8) Carnosinase also acts on anserine, but the enzymatic activity is lower for anserine than carnosine.
 * 9) Similar physiological functioning to carnosine including H+ buffering, antioxidation, modulation of muscle contractility, and regulation of metabolism
 * 10) Anserine ameliorates neurovascular dysfunction and improves spatial memory in aged animals
 * 11) Can improve glucose homeostasis and prevent the development of hypertension in stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
 * 12) Anserine has demonstrated beneficial effects on human metabolic, neurological, immunological, cardiovascular and renal functions
 * 13) Oral administration of anserine can relieve stress and fatigue, ameliorate anxiety, promote post-partum lactation, improve physical capacity and exercise performance, reduce hyperglycemia and hypertension, enhance immunity, prevent aging associated neurological dysfunction and inflammation and accelerate wound healing.

5.     https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-018-2663-y or https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30302566/

6.    https://www.jstor.org/stable/31967
 * 1) Anserine has better serum stability than carnosine
 * 2) It is more resistant to degradation
 * 3) Maintains most of the properties of carnosine like antioxidant power, metal ion chelating ability and the scavenging of reactive carbonyl species
 * 4) Supplementing carnosine with purified anserine has been shown to preserve verbal episodic memory and brain perfusion in healthy elderly subjects.


 * 1) Both Anserine and Carnosine have been found to be copper chelating agents.
 * 2) Chelation of transition metals is one method used by antioxidants to protect their targets from oxidative stress as it prevents them from undergoing a Fenton reaction with peroxides. This reaction can be very damaging.
 * 3) In the olfactory bulbs, the concentration of both of these molecules was found to be in the millimolar range, whereas the concentration of copper was approximately 50 μM
 * 4) These found concentrations indicate the chelation of copper by Anserine and Carnosine.

Article body
Both Anserine and Carnosine are copper chelating agents. Chelation of transition metals is one method used by antioxidants to protect their targets from oxidative stress as it prevents them from undergoing Fenton reactions with peroxides. In the olfactory bulbs, the concentration of both of these molecules was found to be in the millimolar range, whereas the concentration of copper was approximately 50μM. these found concentrations indicate the chelation of copper by Anserine and Carnosine.