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Metabolism
•	Definition: -The chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and activities and new materials are assimilated.

•	History:

-Studies have been done as early as the 13th century. This was done by lbn al-Nafis an Arabian physician.

-Santorio Sanctorius published the first controlled experiments in human metabolism in the year 1614.

-Studies of metabolism started with animals and then made the transition to humans through volunteer.

-In the 19th century Louis Pasteur discovered that fermentation was catalyzed by substances within yeast called ferments. With the help of this discovery and Friedrich Wohler’s publication of synthesis of urea in 1828 led to the foundation of organic compounds and chemical reactions found in cells that made the metabolic pathways. - In the 20th century Eduard Buchner discovered enzymes. Later in the 20th century the urea cycle, krebs cycle, and glyoxylate cycle were discovered by Hans Krebs and his colleague Hans Kornberg.

•	What affects metabolism?

-Food; What we eat can affect metabolism. With the different gut microbiota functions to help break down macro and micronutrients differ through diet. For example, with limited carbohydrates bacteria will turn to an alternative energy source that may produce different metabolites. Dai et al. showed that bacterial conversion of free amino acids into polypeptides contributes considerably to amino-acid metabolism and bioavailability in the mammalian gut. They also found that the relative concentrations of different amino acids available to intestinal bacteria can impact greatly on overall amino-acid utilization at the community level. For example, they found that L-glutamine regulates small intestinal bacterial metabolism of arginine, serine, and aspartate, and reduced the catabolism of essential and nonessential amino acids. This is a huge discovery considering all the processed foods and additives they put in today's foods.

-Age; Metabolism slows down with age. Your TEE (total energy expenditure) decreases as you age. According to a study of a group of people up to the age of 60 had their TEE progressively fall from 20 years through the entire range of ages. They averaged a decline of 150kcal per decade. They set up the study by having five categories. The categories being normal weight males, normal weight females, overweight males, overweight females, and age. They compared the fall of TEE though decades and they found that the elderly have a lower TEE compared to younger adults. The graphs show that after age 60 the TEE drops moderately compared to people under 60 years of age.Your BMR also decreases with age which plays a giant role in TEE

-Gender; Women tend to have more SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) causing the pear shape and men have more VAT (visceral adipose tissue) causing the apple shape. Premenopausal women have higher levels of estrogen which protect them from increasing their adipose tissue and their energy expenditure is increased. As boys go through puberty testosterone flows through the body to help burn fat and create lean mass. As guys age testosterone slows down and with that, the conversion from fat to lean mass slows down as well.

•	How it relates to chemistry

-Metabolism is essentially nothing but chemical reactions in the body to provide the energy we need.

-Metabolism is catalyzed through enzymes which are also in chemical reactions to help speed up the process (lower activation energy) and produce an exothermic or endothermic reaction to release energy.

•	Career applications as a chiropractor:

-Knowing what metabolism is and how it affects people differently will help how to correctly diagnose and give better nutritional suggestions. One of the most important things for the human body is diet.

-Knowing how certain drugs are broken down and utilized through metabolism, organs and blood is also important.

References

-Energy requirements and aging; Dallal, Gerald. Roberts, Susan. Jean Mayer Human Nutritional Research Center on Aging. Boston, MA

URL: www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E11815CE5C6E12FC1A7D914E42F5F9FD/S1368980005001321a.pdf/energy_requirements_and_aging.pdf

-Gender and Sex differences in Adipose Tissue; Chang, Eric. Singer, Kanakadurga. Varghese, Mita. (2018) URL: eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=11&sid=31d69377-bdee-4a79-8aa2-c26b5562199b%40pdc-v-sessmgr06

-Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Gibson, Glenn. Heinken, Almut. Rowland, Ian. Scott, Karen. Swann, Jonathan. Thiele, Ines. Tuohy, Kieran. (2017) URL: eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6&sid=e2bba2d9-6950-4ebd-86dd-f8215cfd0743%40pdc-v-sessmgr05