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Type D Personality
DRAFT To add to this article, a citation will first be added to the missing area regarding DS14 using this source a specific source

I will also expand the paragraph regarding cardiovascular health in individuals with Type D personality and their possible coping mechanisms with stress. According to a study, heart disease and depression, and Type D personality is associated with negative emotions, which can contribute to cardiovascular disease

A new section will be added to this wiki page, outlining Characteristics of Type D Personality. In this section, Sleep apnea and its relation to this type of personality will be addressed (since people with Type D are more likely to have poorer sleeping habits). Effect, or lack there of, of gender regarding Type D Personality will be taken in to account. In scientific studies, it was found that individuals with Type D Personality did not engaged in as much healthy behaviours as other types. These activities can include: going outside, medical check-ups and eating sensibly, which may have stemmed from their negative emotional state.

More case studies will be included with individuals who have Type D Personality using my sources outlined below.

TYPE D ACTICLE COPIED FROM WIKIPEDIA WITH ADDITIONS
Type D personality, a concept used in the field of medical psychology, is defined as the joint tendency towards negative affectivity (e.g. worry, irritability, gloom) and social inhibition (e.g. reticence and a lack of self-assurance). . These two components of an individual’s personality contribute to the susceptibility of weakened health, both mentally and physically, of cardiac patients. The letter D in the name stands for "distressed".

Characteristics
Individuals with a Type D personality have the tendency to experience increased negative emotions across time and situations and tend not to share these emotions with others, because of fear of rejection or disapproval, specifically in social situations. Johan Denollet, professor of Medical Psychology at Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, developed the construct based on clinical observations in cardiac patients, empirical evidence, and existing theories of personality. The prevalence of Type D personality is 21% in the general population and ranges between 18% to 53% in cardiac patients.

In a study, it was found that people with Type D personality were at a higher risk (8.9 times more likely) for cardiac incidents in comparison to those with other personalities. Furthermore, men’s cardiovascular system tended to me more affected by experimental stress in comparison to women, and other people without Type D personality .Some early studies found that CHD patients with a Type D personality have a worse prognosis following a myocardial infarction (MI) as compared to patients without a Type D personality. In some of these studies, Type D was associated with a 4-fold increased risk of mortality, recurrent MI, or sudden cardiac death, independently of traditional risk factors, such as disease severity. However, a number of subsequent, larger scale studies have failed to replicate these findings. Consequently, some researchers have argued that these earlier, small (and therefore potentially statistically underpowered) studies that appeared to link Type D personality to mortality in CHD and CVD patients may have inadvertently reached exaggerated or false conclusions. .

Type D personality and its corresponding characteristics have been known to lower the Quality of life of cardiac patients, as well as increase chest pains and unstable sleeping patterns. Sleep apnea in particular is a condition that contributes to the reduced sleep quality. In a study, it was found that cardiovascular patients, with type D personality, who had sleep apnea or other sleeping problems were more likely to have a higher level of anxiety, depression and poorer treatment adherence. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals with Type D personality with myocardial infractions consult professionals in managing their sleep problems.

In several studies, it was found that individuals with Type D personality do not engage in as many activities associated with healthy behaviours. These activities can include: going outside, medical check-ups and eating sensibly. As a result, the recovery of any disease, illness, or the overall health in general may be much poorer in Type D patients than other individuals .This impaired health has been known to affect an individual’s work settings. Common characteristics, such as over commitment and effort-reward imbalance, are known to cause problems within the workplace, both with fellow co-workers and superiors.

Ill-health in patients with Type D personality has also been linked to several coping methods and social supports. In a study, it was found that negative affinity and social inhibition were positively correlated with more physical symptoms and stress. On the other hand, these characteristics were found to be negatively correlated with important aspects of rehabilitation, such as emotional coping and Social support.

Assessment
Type D personality can be assessed by means of a valid and reliable 14-item questionnaire, the Type D Scale (DS14). Seven items refer to negative affectivity (e.g. "I am often unhappy"), and seven items refer to social inhibition (e.g. "Overall, I am a closed-off person"). People who score 10 points or more on both dimensions are classified as Type D. The DS14 can be applied in clinical practice for the risk stratification of cardiac patients. However, this type of test is more beneficial with psychosomatic patients, in comparison to the general public

Another method, entitled DS16, can also be used to assess Type D personality. The 16-item questionnaire specifically targets an individual’s risk of certain psychosocial factors that may contribute to myocardial infractions. Two sets of eight items, that are related to both negative affectivity and social inhibition, are used on a 5-point Likert scale. The scale ranges from 0, which is false, to 4, referring to true statements. Individuals who score high in both sections are described as having Type D personality. Typically with this method, also uses Test-retest to ensure reliability

Type D has also been addressed with respect to common somatic complaints in childhood. . [12] In addition, individuals with Type D personality in childhood have been associated with controlling parents, as well as isolation from their primary caregivers. As one of the results, many of these individuals have been diagnosed with other mental health disorders, or have higher levels of mental distress.

Origins of Type D Personality
Around 15 years ago, the idea of Type D personality was first used for predictions of myocardial infraction patients. As of recent, it is used to predict both mortality and morbidity of heart patients, and is considered for additional risk factors. Regarding the general public, Type D personality has been adapted to predict the mental, and physical, health .Several studies have demonstrated that the characteristics of Type D personality (neuroticism and social inhibition) have a biological basis. Many research papers have linked this type of personality to high cortisol levels throughout the day .This type of personality has been estimated to be 52% heritable, as Additive genetic effects,Dominance (genetics) and non-additive genetic factors were taken into consideration

Practice
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Topic Choice and Resources
My topic for the personality assignment is "Type D Personality". The Wiki page for this topic is not very detailed and is in need of citations. Therefore, I will be adding information regarding Type D personality to the page, as well as finding and adding the missing citations. I will be doing more research regarding this topic, but here are some of the possible sources I will be using:

1. Epifanio MS, Ingoglia S, Alfano P, Lo Coco G, La Grutta S. Type D Personality and Alexithymia: Common Characteristics of Two Different Constructs. Implications for Research and Clinical Practice. Front Psychol. 2018 Feb 9;9:106.

2. Denollet J, van Felius RA, Lodder P, Mommersteeg PM, Goovaerts I, Possemiers N, Vanhees L, Beckers P, Pattyn N, Van Craenenbroeck EM. Predictive value of Type D personality for impaired endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol. 2018 Feb 20.

3. Williams L, Bruce G, Knapton C. Type D personality is associated with increased desire for alcohol in response to acute stress. Stress Health. 2018 Jan 30.

4. Juskiene A, Podlipskyte A, Bunevicius A, Varoneckas G. Type D Personality and Sleep Quality in Coronary Artery Disease Patients With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Mediating Effects of Anxiety and Depression. Int J Behav Med. 2018 Jan 11.

5. Wu JR, Moser DK. Type D personality predicts poor medication adherence in patients with heart failure in the USA. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21(5):833-42.

6. Moryś JM, Bellwon J, Jeżewska M, Adamczyk K, Gruchała M. The evaluation of stress coping styles and type D personality in patients with coronary artery disease. Kardiol Pol. 2015;73(7):557-66.

7. Williams L, O'Connor RC, Howard S, Hughes BM, Johnston DW, Hay JL, O'Connor DB, Lewis CA, Ferguson E, Sheehy N, Grealy MA, O'Carroll RE. Type-D personality mechanisms of effect: the role of health-related behavior and social support. J Psychosom Res. 2008 Jan;64(1):63-9.