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Extreme Manufacturing (EM), in general, refers to the leading edge of manufacturing that is insurmountable by contemporary science and technology, with its connotation being constantly broken through and transformed as the human science and technology develops[1]. The connotation of Extreme manufacturing (EM) here is different from the eXtreme Manufacturing (XM) which is presented as an iterative and incremental framework for manufacturing improvement and new product development in Wikipedia. And there is a new journal named “International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing (IJEM)” which is a new multidisciplinary journal uniquely covering the areas related to extreme manufacturing, and it is devoted to publishing original research of the highest quality and impact in the areas related to extreme manufacturing, ranging from fundamentals to process, metrology, conditions, environments and system integration. For more information about the IJEM journal, please visit “iopscience.iop.org/journal/2631-7990”.

Connotation of extreme manufacturing
Extreme manufacturing means devices and functional systems manufacturing extreme scale (extra large or extra small) or extremely functional device and system under extreme conditions or environments. To put it simply, extreme manufacturing is to realize extremely large and extremely small in terms of manufacturing scale, achieve extremely strong and extremely weak in terms of the manufacturing environment, and realize new effects, new processes, new equipment and new technologies and construct manufacturing technology and capacity limits by multiple technology limits in terms of manufacturing systems.[2] Extreme manufacturing technology is the perfect integration of new technologies (e.g. information technology) with manufacturing. It reflects rich connotations and characteristics of the times. It is a forward-looking, pioneering and exploratory technology. The contemporary extreme manufacturing means devices and functional systems manufacturing extreme scale or extremely advanced functions under extreme conditions or circumstances. It is suitable for extremely harsh service applications. Extreme manufacturing, as the technical transformation of scientific discovery at the forefront of the era, guides the development of advanced manufacturing mainstream technology in the contemporary era, and has also penetrated into the core technologies in manufacturing fields, including basic industry, electronic information, aerospace transportation, and military products[3].

Characteristics of extreme manufacturing
In extreme environments, devices and functional systems manufacturing extreme scale or highly advanced functions are an important feature of contemporary extreme manufacturing, which is mainly reflected in micro-manufacturing, macrosystem manufacturing and strong field manufacturing. The examples include the manufacturing of products with extremely small scale and extremely high-precision such as micro-nano electronic devices, micro-nano optical mechanical electric system, molecular devices, and quantum devices, as well as the manufacturing heavy equipment with extremely large scale, extremely complex systems and extremely powerful functions such as aerospace vehicles, energy powered equipment with ultra-high power, and ultra-large metallurgical petrochemical equipment. So far, the extreme manufacturing has penetrated into the powerful modern basic economy that provides physical products, the military industry, the aerospace transportation, and the information industry. All these industries require the forming manufacturing of high-energy density materials, the manufacturing of ultra-large parts with ultra-high precision, the micro-nano manufacturing of ultra-precision devices, the integrated manufacturing of bionic high-intelligent complex systems, and so forth[3].

Basic scientific problems of extreme manufacturing
The current scientific targets of the basic research on extreme manufacturing can be summarized as the following aspects: exploring the new extreme and new concept products of the next-generation manufacturing scale and manufacturing out-field and the scientific basis of its manufacturing processes, constructing the foundation of future manufacturing science system, forming the leading technology principle of mainstream manufacturing in the new century, and establishing research platforms and teams with advanced research capabilities. The basic scientific problems of extreme manufacturing focus on the following aspects: discovering the manufacturing principles of new functional products at the deeper level of matter; exploring the process of laws of matters evolving into supernormal functional units and complex functional systems in extremely small and large scales and extreme manufacturing out-fields; discovering and building the interactive mechanism between the extreme manufacturing environment and the receptors of extreme scale manufacturing[1].

(1) Multi-dimensional and multi-scale evolution of strong field manufacturing
The application of energy in strong field manufacturing constantly breaks through limits. Laser, electromagnetic energy, microwave, chemical energy and other forms of energy beyond traditional fields have been introduced into strong field manufacturing. All strong energy fields are concentrated, transmitted, absorbed and diverged at the manufacturing interface. This issue studies the transfer and transformation of energy between ultra-strong processing energy fields and huge workpieces or huge logistics systems, and the transport process of matters, explores the multi-scale evolution mechanism of matters under the induction of ultra-strong energy fields, and seeks for the formation of extraordinary physical field on the manufacturing interface and the new principles for the realization of manufacturing process.

(2) Precision forming of micro-structure and selective performance evolution
Micro-forming means the composition manufacturing of three-dimensional geometric features of microstructures; micro-modification means the modification of multiple energy domains (e.g. energy beam, heat, force, chemistry, vacuum, ultrasonic wave, electromagnetic field, etc.) on materials in the micro-manufacturing process. This issue studies the physical and chemical interactions at the manufacturing interfaces (e.g. micro-removal, micro-growth, micro-forming, and micro-modification), and the transport law of high-density energy and micro-scale matters. It also explores the quantum effect and scale effect of microstructure volume and interface, and the action mechanism and evolution law of different energy forms on material selection and molding, and seeks for microstructure geometry, new principles of topology transfer and performance evolution, as well as the precise expression and measurement of microstructure geometrical morphology.

(3) Microsystem assembly and function generation
Micro-integration makes microstructures a microsystem with specific functions. This issue studies the unknown effects and behavioral laws in quantum mechanics, dynamics, thermodynamics, and micro-tribology in the processes such as micro-driving, micro-manipulation, micro-joining, micro-assembly, etc., in micro-integration, as well as the media transfer and energy transport of micro-channel, micro-clearance and micro-interface in microsystem. It also explores the new principles of micro-system functions and the dynamic formation laws of micro-nano precision, and aims to establish the basis of microstructure precision manufacturing and micro-nano-scale engineering metrology.

(4) Creation and generation of complex functional systems and determinism of functional status
This issue focuses on the morphological evolution of energy, the status evolution of motion, and the model evolution of functions in the complex functional systems created and generated from function units, studies the related mechanisms of non-deterministic factors and nonlinear transmission for functional certainty in the macro-system, discusses the correlation and interference of all kinds of micro-effects on system functions in the microsystem, and finds the system law of function creation and generation in new macro- and micro-systems.

(5) Multi-field coupling, stochastic disturbance and process steady of extreme manufacturing environment
Extreme manufacturing system is a system where multiple high fields gather, covering the light, mechanical, electrical, liquid, magnetic, and thermal fields. Multi-field coupling and stochastic disturbance may mutate into motion distortion, process instability, and loss of function. This issue studies the transmission and evolution law of the complex coupling behavior of extreme manufacturing systems, the aggregation and divergence of energy transfer, random fluctuation and disturbance between the manufacturing carriers and receptors, and explores the interaction between the regulatory fast-changing process and the dominant slow-changing process, and the formation and control of high-stability and high-precision manufacturing process.

(1) The core technology of the contemporary manufacturing is created at the cutting edge of scientific understanding
Major scientific discoveries since the 20th century are rapidly creating new concepts of contemporary extreme manufacturing, and many new manufacturing processes and products with new functions are produced at the same time, such as micro-nano manufacturing and information products induced by quantum mechanics and laser, super-performance materials and transient manufacturing of parts driven by advanced solidification science, strong rheology manufacturing of large parts of aircraft that obtains submicron axialite evolution under the tens of thousands of tons of pressure field, and the connection and cutting of large components by 109W/cm2 strong lase. The velocity of movement in the manufacturing process reaches the scale above 105 r/min and 102 m/s. The manufacturing scales range from several kilometers of materials and hundreds of meters of ships to nanowire-wide integrated circuits. The micron-scale manufacturing precision has reached the scale of 10-2 μm, and the nano-scale manufacturing precision has reached the scale of 0.1 nm. The science and technology will certainly have new discoveries and new inventions in all kinds of high-energy density environments, deep micro-scales of matters, and a variety of complex microsystems. The challenges of manufacturing in science and society in the 21st century will create the brand new extreme manufacturing. A new generation of extreme manufacturing will inevitably create more perfect physical products.

(2) Extreme manufacturing is an important factor for a powerful nation.
The extreme manufacturing has penetrated into the powerful modern basic economy that provides physical products, the military industry, the aerospace transportation, and the information industry. All these industries require the molding manufacturing of high-energy density materials, the manufacturing of ultra-large or ultra-fine parts with high precision, the micro-nano manufacturing of ultra-precision devices, the integrated manufacturing of bionic high-intelligent complex systems, and so forth. The developing aerospace carrying engineering, super power equipment, millions of tons of petrochemical equipment, tens of thousands of tons of die forging equipment, a new generation of high-efficiency energy-saving metallurgical process equipment, and the electronic product manufacturing that have created China’s largest output value are core manufacturing technologies, that is, the contemporary extreme manufacturing technologies. To cite the rheo-forming manufacturing ability of large medal components, as concluded by the United States, Russia, France and other countries after the Second World War, one of the air superiorities of Germany in the Second World War is its forging capability of extra-large medal components, which enabled Germany to build the huge hydraulic press rapidly. The United States built two hydraulic presses with capacity of 45,000 tons, Russia built two hydraulic presses with capacity of 75,000 tons, and France built one hydraulic press with capacity of 65,000 tons. On this basis, their air fighting ability and intercontinental transport ability developed fast. The United States proposed to the government in the "National Key Technology" report in 1991 that countries leading in equipment manufacturing may dominate the world market of semiconductor devices. The report suggested to list the “micron- and nano-scale manufacturing” as a national key technology. According to the statistics, 65% of the GDP growth in today's developed countries is related to micro-nano manufacturing. The growth rate of electronics industry relying on micro-nano manufacturing is generally three times the growth rate of GDP. Germany has established “green manufacturing”, “information technology” and “extreme manufacturing” as three major goals for the sustainable development of machinery manufacturing, providing competitive support for the quality of “Made in Germany”.

(3) The basic research of extreme manufacturing is the strategy of developing national strength of countries in the 21st century
The scientific basis of extreme manufacturing covers the leading edge of almost all basic subjects, such as the biology and bionics integrated into a new generation of intelligent manufacturing, mutation theory research to eliminate catastrophic variation of complex microsystems, research on strong high-density energy beam and material interaction for realizing the high-precision forming manufacturing. The most active micro-nano manufacturing base is the commanding heights of extreme manufacturing in the 21st century. Extreme manufacturing is the focus of cutting-edge technology and cutting-edge technological products. Since the 1990s, countries all over the world have attached great importance to the development of extreme manufacturing technology, such as the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Program (AMTP) of the United States, the Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS) International Cooperation Program of Japan, the “Made in Germany 2000” of Germany, and “Made in China 2025” of China.

Development tendency of extreme manufacturing [4]
The science and technology will certainly have new discoveries new inventions appeared in all kinds of high-energy density environments, micro-scale of matters, and a variety of complex macro-systems. The challenges for manufacturing in science and society in the new century will produce a brand new extreme manufacturing, and the new generation of extreme manufacturing will certainly produce more perfect products. On the whole, extreme manufacturing will develop rapidly towards “extremely large”, “extremely small”, and “extremely fine”, and the extreme manufacturing industry will show a new trend of development.

(1) Extreme manufacturing will realize intelligence, automation, and cost degradation, followed by high product performance, multiple functions and high compatibility of environments.
The perfect integration of new technologies (e.g. computer technology and information technology) with manufacturing technology has brought new characteristics to extreme manufacturing products. The development of manufacturing technology will enhance the degree of intelligence and automation of products. Extreme manufacturing technology is constantly improved and tends to be more mature, resulting in the significant reduction of manufacturing costs. In terms of the application of new technologies, for one thing, the final effect can be judged through analogue simulation by computer technology before the product is put into production, and information is fed back in time to adjust the design, improve product performance and realize the multi-functionalization; for another thing, the collection and processing of all kinds of data and information can improve the degree of certainty of extreme environments and extreme conditions, thereby making the final products compatible with the environment to the utmost extent. === (2) Technology is the key to the development of extreme manufacturing. The technology R&D strength of extreme manufacturing will be centralized and specialized, and the R&D inputs will increase. Extreme manufacturing technology will be in the lead and sustainable. === As the environment for human survival and development becomes more complex and people’s desire to explore new extreme fields increases, greater R&D efforts in extreme manufacturing will be devoted. To reduce R&D costs and improve R&D efficiency, R&D of extreme manufacturing products and technologies will present a situation where the focus is put on key products, and related technologies give full play to their strengths and are developed jointly. Extreme manufacturing technology is of highly propagable, with broad market prospects and good economic benefits, and can be widely applied in many fields and all levels of society.

(3) The operating system of extremely manufacturing will be complicated, with the stability and accuracy to be improved, and microsystems will become a breakthrough.
To reduce the impact of the increasingly complex external environment on the internal operation results of the system and meet the requirements for more functions, the operating system of extreme manufacturing will also be complicated, and the stability and accuracy of the system will be gradually improved driven by the market. Compared with macro-systems, the current understandings of the motion law of mechanical system under microscopic conditions, the physical characteristics of the micro-components, and the mechanical behavior under the load are insufficient, and the mature micro-system design theory based on a certain theoretical basis has not yet been formed. Everything is still at the stage of fumbling. Microsystem research is badly in need of a breakthrough. New progress is expected to be made in this field. === (4) The green manufacturing mode is a manufacturing mode that achieves sustainable development of the manufacturing industry. In the face of increasingly strict environmental and resource constraints, extreme manufacturing must also embark on the path of “greening”. === Green extreme manufacturing requires a slight negative impact on the environment, the minimized emissions of hazardous materials and hazardous materials, and the maximum resource use efficiency throughout the manufacturing process. Products must be manufactured with green raw materials, green resources and green technologies, and products must meet the requirements of environmental protection, health, low energy consumption and high efficiency of resource use during the life cycle. Cyclic manufacturing technologies will be adopted, and product recovery and recycling rate will be improved.