User:IKontogiannis/sandbox

Article Evaluation: Mating System Subsection: "Plants" -Not much information listed/described under this subsection of this article on mating systems. -Only names the types and briefly describes the 3 types of mating systems found in plants,which can be expanded upon. This article is very vague and does not go into plant mating systems in depth. (ie: protandry, protogyny; monoecious, dioecious; genetic incompatibility and S-alleles)

The subsection from the article has been taken and copy/pasted below to evaluate:

In plants See also: Plant reproduction The primary mating systems in plants are outcrossing (cross-fertilisation), autogamy (self-fertilisation) and apomixis (asexual reproduction without fertilization, but only when arising by modification of sexual function). Mixed mating systems, in which plants use two or even all three mating systems, are not uncommon.[1]

A number of models have been used to describe the parameters of plant mating systems. The basic model is the mixed mating model, which is based on the assumption that every fertilisation is either self-fertilisation or completely random cross-fertilisation. More complex models relax this assumption; for example, the effective selfing model recognises that mating may be more common between pairs of closely related plants than between pairs of distantly related plants.[1]

Finding Articles that Need Help/Work
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_balticus One sentence is mentioned about this species (also known as Baltic Rush) that we went over in class as an example of a monocot. Perhaps, more information about it can help readers learn more about this species.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnosperm Besides classification and just naming the Gymnosperm groups, there is not much else to learn on this page without clicking on the links that will direct you to them.

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_growth On the talk page, it suggests that the page be more readily understandable to readers. This would be helpful and possibly other sources focusing on the fact that eudicots can also have this type of growth could be helpful.

4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation In this article, the main focus is on placentation patterns in mammals (humans). There is a small section about placentation in plants, but not a lot of information is given on this topic and pictures of the diftferent types of placentation as well as links to reference the different kinds would be helpful.

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube The type of pollen tubes in gymnosperms is not mentioned in this article; just angiosperms. Not much has been said on the talk page and it may be helpful to address the haustorial pollen tube so they can see that there is even a difference in pollen tubes from a transition of gymnosperm to angiosperm.

Potential Articles

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus_balticus The first article mentioned with Juncus balticus is very weak in its content and description of the species. We should see if there are any relevant or recent articles regarding this species to show the Wikipedia audience information surrounding it. Perhaps a description about the species in terms of appearance, reproduction, and any possible uses in today's society would be helpful.

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placentation This page does not mention much about placentation patterns in plants. The section about it in the article only states the different types and a brief one sentence description of the different types. In the talk page, there is nothing discussing any improvements on it. Pictures of the different types as well as examples of the plants that fall under these types can enhance a reader's understanding.

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube More can definitely be said about the evolution of the pollen tube and how it contributed to the diversity and advanced plants we have today. In this article's talk page, there was a comment left that said "..sounds like a K12-article graded E. Rewrite pls!" This in general is not very professional but it does seem to need work and maybe some rearrangement and cite-worthy sources to boost its integrity as an article.

New Article: Lenticel
High/Start Article

Possible Sections: Gas exchange/Aeration; Chemical Composition; Function/Optimal Activity; Types; Evolution

Bibliography for Lenticel Article
 Evolution of Lenticels 

1. aeration system in arborescent trees: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2471695.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:f7ada2418ae07c74255ce5574c6882f0

2. parichnos as primitive lenticels in ancient arboreal forms: http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/2470894.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A5cdb00378aec35505b27332a6931fa8f

 Structure and Development 

4. lenticel formation on shoots: http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/2428084.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:cce7996f7ed2324e852efdadc0f01b3f

5. some info of formation/description (+ conditions of closure): http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/3624744.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:a40ab28ee280f5f45ac57c05c3c8a836

6. in pneumatophores of Mangrove species: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216745465_Structure_of_Lenticels_on_the_Pneumatophores_of_Avicennia_marina_as_Aerating_Device_Deliver_Oxygen_in_Mangrove's_root

7. anatomy and discoloration in mango lenticels: http://www.lib.ku.ac.th/kujn/TAB451083.pdf

8. barrier properties of phellems and lenticels towards water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide: https://watermark.silverchair.com/erl014.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAaAwggGcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGNMIIBiQIBADCCAYIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMBdBAoltpdkzjx1RWAgEQgIIBU5y5EAYan2TeYOjttNMlmw3wjqCnnzSDaKPg0UDGfpIVDqUb5c6X-GrxGXRjVNWJZMo3i2_H41esO39SYSSsNmcTr_5sJB5NDvNnbONfQBpOR6hobZFjY9iENDCHaoeiTXsT7gsoh1ccW96VGz_NVCN0k8P-oC862B-aOae_m--6t7l1vhuovttmBgXZPJXahuvyBZkM2k15FwO3esjPotNfC5GDfSz49-lmABxjGmYudES9mEYufz8myAG0O68CzqmwMlp9j_JKBPhZiocH1gTKMS-2EznEzcoPxSLpBIj6VnA_Q484Y1fRJxPYSHZ_fIEw-yIPIB5uDYMFHJ9NE4oif82BUqNyL70LS7KKnJBQYHEzbbYMouiPaIkn8dcrPCIlJb2yrkP33RzQCGlZa87ueSBOAN2eGwNZ3pVO5ZfRcgfrGdH1Ju-Jh7ICPfdh7H05eQ

More about the Pome Lenticels (in apples)

3. morphology (how they arise and close; number per apple; moisture effects): http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2471695.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:f7ada2418ae07c74255ce5574c6882f0

Significance

9. lenticels, oxygen diffusion, and potential link to cell death in berries https://watermark.silverchair.com/ery039.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAbMwggGvBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGgMIIBnAIBADCCAZUGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMqdeE_P6VD5z4ZwelAgEQgIIBZurm2pTsLodU7cQUv2b3F_pCjcC4t6HUtUVobNWXh3_eb6nSqgBunEMrQM4lXIj04pezuTjmo2aXtUL7uKE5PW0gQp4NLTgBOQpKdk2lhGxbXhaPArFc2ImMb9ZtdbKghKHITucr1Rn6j-bh4KFkcWuu_4Se7hePvxLx98JHJiW7WNbGqWONawsqXahinoyKt6vEXqtuFn6xi55_o9its3Drc4zhgPEaqdm9qVAI5meFExV1M8MgB6FCSPx0dc-VNff1XL5aA5tQuqzrKAtmsmuVohq3pX0Sdk9QFagAIvX7W1BL4xZxNO6m6biYNiQ9r6KGSTSTSWukw3vB-BbnJCxts7n1XJseEUWURfsjJsxkxAXyM1Ap1iB_pj-M2Qd8QpdzLKIrIihja_ASzgQNObkc6rAqASgI-LC5ym3Zz14AxmwDYvMSO5iHjM9AKuSPCu5VIIYNfKjBlYzUXd4xcTqQtfr7xIs

Formation (continued)

10. relation to stomatal (origins)/phellogenic tissue https://watermark.silverchair.com/eru252.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAaAwggGcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGNMIIBiQIBADCCAYIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMv6Xvr05x_EuuBXUzAgEQgIIBU7RZ34m15ovJRw6UpyXviLzZC3BYZ9ZGPCfqMeaAJHxNDeZzoBjEbBopyhNJnZfQy2BYGpqYHc-RonZh7GAkZgloAx97bfR0QmIJn7bDXfoBbCyfHPXgy4LZ7doWzqgJ0YYhrVJDmCQMVbjDWKYGu1ohGH7XF12oUWKXm32BAvse11Sdsfrm4c56wn9JspnUWOGSqX5q_WnPtZrTJy43cTU-_gbRpPifzDRQ1kbYbkeVXyhGzhUOa7z3kgD8m8mh8keFcbqTuU7NHy9AnvktD8jFA94cFO7L0jTWtX0fMrLRH0i1XJ3HCcDqJ6AEYdi7N7_KrtjvmZk8froyf5SeDkInxBxKGppLzKTW8odQYl_tkNZLVf8W6u1ZRP8GQSFFABy5RSTIXkFmQgG7B3FFvdLGAMgj3wHTsRjDl3sosrnUu_6nabtFIVmFlrbZKHb-B32ziw

Revised Draft (Put together)
 Evolution 

Before there was much evidence for the existence and functionality of lenticels, the fossil record has shown the first primary mechanism of aeration in early vascular plants to be the stomata. However, if there are internal stresses present, stomatal tissue expansion or damage can result. Woody plants, with vascular and cork cambia activity, are prime candidates for the latter. This necessity of aeration structures that combated stomatal damage in the presence of the secondary tissues of these woody plants is where lenticels is believed to have evolved.

The extinct arboreal plants of the genera Lepidodendron and Sigillaria were the first to have distinct aeration structures that rendered these modifications. "Parichnoi" (singular: parichnos) are canal-like structures that, in association with foliar traces of the stem, connected the stem's outer and middle cortex to the mesophyll of the leaf. Parichnoi were thought to eventually give rise to lenticels as they helped solve the issue of long-range oxygen transport in these woody plants during the Carboniferous period. They also evolved to acquire secondary connections as they evolved to become transversely elongated to efficiently aerate the maximum number of vertical rays as well as the central core tissue of the stem. The evolutionary significance of these parichnoi was their functionality in the absence of cauline stomata, where they can also be affected and destroyed by pressure similar to what can damage to stomatal tissue. Evidently, in both conifers and Lepidodendroids, the parichnoi, as the primary lenticular structure, appear as paired structures on either side of leaf scars. The development and increase in the number of these primitive lenticels were key to providing a system that was open for aeration and gas exchange in these plants. .

 Structure and Development 

In plant bodies that produce secondary growth, lenticels promote gas exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The formation of lenticels seem to be directly related to the growth and strength of the shoot and on the hydrose of the tissue, which refers to the internal moisture.

Lenticels commonly appear as rough, cork-like structures on young branches of woody plants. Underneath them, porous tissue creates a number of large intercellular spaces between cells. This tissue fills the lenticel and arises from cell division in the phellogen or substomatal ground tissue. Discoloration of lenticels may also occur, such as in mangoes, that may be due to the amount of lignin in cell walls.

In oxygen deprived conditions, making respiration a daily challenge, different species may possess specialized structures where lenticels can be found. For example, in a common mangrove species, lenticels appear on pneumatophores (specialized roots), where the parenchyma cells that connect to the aerenchyma structure increase in size and go through cell division. In contrast, lenticels in grapes are located on the pedicels and act as a function of temperature. If they are blocked, hypoxia and successive ethanol accumulation may result and lead to cell death.

Fruits  (merge into existing section)

The term lenticel is usually associated with the breakage of periderm tissue that is associated with gas exchange; however, lenticels also refer to the lightly colored spots found on apples (a type of pome fruit). "Lenticel" seems to be the most appropriate term to describe both structures mentioned in light of of their similar function in gas exchange. Pome lenticels can be derived from (1) no longer functioning stomata, (2) epidermal breaks from the removal of trichomes, and (3) other epidermal breaks that usually occur in the early development of young pome fruits. The closing of pome lenticels can arise when the cuticle over the stomata opening or the substomatal layer seals. Closing can also begin if the substomatal cells become suberized, like cork. The number of lenticels usually varies between the species of apples, where the range may be from 450 to 800 or from 1500 to 2500 in Winesap and Spitzenburg apples, respectively. This wide range may be due to the water availability during the early stages of development of each apple type.