User:I enjoy sandwiches/trials

Fat is bad

 * Seven Countries Study
 * Dean Ornish
 * The China Study
 * Anti-coronary club - 1100 NYC men, reduced mortality
 * Los Angeles Veterans Trial
 * Finnish Mental Hospital Study
 * Soybean oil replacing milk
 * Oslo Diet Heart Study
 * Framingham:
 * Framingham 1992
 * Framingham 1998
 * Framingham 2014
 * "For each 1% mg/ dL drop of cholesterol there was an 11% increase in coronary and total mortality"
 * "In Framingham, Mass, the more saturated fat one ate...the lower the person’s serum cholesterol...and [they] weighed the least," Annals Internal Medicine
 * Cochrane 2015
 * Seventh Day Adventists 1980
 * Seventh Day Adventists Netherlands 1983
 * Seventh Day Adventists 2014
 * Jakobsen 2009 - 10 years, 345k people
 * Farvid Circulation 2004 - 340k people 10 year - 5% of energy increment in LA intake replacing energy from saturated fat intake was associated with a 9% lower risk of CHD events (rather than MUFAs or carbohydrates). Same as above?
 * Hooper BMJ 2001 Meta analysis, verrrry small effect of PUFA
 * Ramsden 2010 - Br J Nutr - Meta analysis, replacing saturated fat with PUFA
 * Mozzafarian - PLOS 2010 - consuming PUFA in place of SFA reduces CHD events in RCTs
 * Schwab - 2014 - Food & Nutrition Research
 * Clifton - 2017 - PUFA vs SFA heart disease
 * de Koning - Am J Clinical Nutr 2011 - Prospective trial of low carbohydrate but non-ketogenic meat and vegetarian diets showing increased risk of diabetes with meat.
 * Chowdhury that was later corrected

Fat is neutral or good

 * Robert Atkins
 * Women's Health Initiative
 * MR-FIT
 * Siri-Tarino 2010 - Prospective meta-analysis, saturated fat with CHD no association, confounding intermediary critique
 * Ketogenic diet and cardiovascular disease - Nutrients - MDPI (predatory)
 * Harcombe 2015 - Review of 1977 and 1983 cholesterol guidelines - Open Heart
 * Critique:
 * Lyon Heart Study 1999 Mediterranean diet and heart disease; no cholesterol change, reduced mortality
 * Andreas Eenfeldt
 * Uffe Ravnskov

Vegetarianism is neutral or bad

 * EPIC-Oxford 600,000 Europeans, no difference in all-cause mortality; did not separate vegetarians/vegans or processed/unprocessed
 * Key 1998 - 76,000 prospective cohort, no difference veg/non-veg
 * Change-Claude - 2000 health conscious Germans, 21 year f/u, no difference other than non-significant decreased ischemic heart disease in vegetarians (not vegans).
 * Mormons 1978
 * 45 and Up Study
 * Vegetarian/vegan diet without impact on health, though underpowered on non-veg side 2/2 low sample size.
 * Adjusted for: sex, age, education level, marital status, remoteness, country of birth, SEIFA, smoking status, physical activity category, alcohol category, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Adjusting for cardiovascular/metabolic disease may be controlling for an intermediary.


 * Small case series: Maasai, Samburu, Inuit, Bellevue Hospital
 * Counterpoint: Maasai: raw blood has parasites that digest excess fat / Inuit: high rates of osteoporosis and early mortality
 * Nutrient deficiencies in vegans/vegetarians: EPIC-Oxford
 * Health food shoppers study
 * Ravnskov BMJ Open 2015
 * Critique:
 * Pimpin PLoS One 2016 - Is butter back? Meta analysis.

Journal club

 * 1) Evidence hierarchy, prospective, cohort, mechanistic?
 * 2) Population size
 * 3) Confounding factors, overcontrolled or undercontrolled? Are confounders controlled for actually intermediaries?
 * 4) Processed vs unprocessed, white vs red
 * 5) Vegetarian vs vegan

Saturated fat in wild and farm bred game 1:1, PUFA 10:1

Links
WP:MEDRS WP:MEDSCI WP:CRAPWATCH Bradford Hill criteria Reliability and validity: Cohort studies: is associated with Prospective studies: leads to