User:Iadaniel/Sustainable packaging

Additions to the intro of article Or Alternatives
Sustainable packaging policy cannot be individualized by a specific product. Effective legislation would need to include alternatives to many products, not just a select few; otherwise, the positive impacts of sustainable packing will not be as effective as they need in order to propel a significant reduction of plastic packaging. Finding alternatives can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from unsustainable packaging production and reduce dangerous chemical by-products of unsustainable packaging practices.

Environmental Impact
Impacts of packaging originate from three main stages including feedstock sourcing, production of polymers and packaging, and the end of life treatment of the packaging. Emissions from each stage contribute to climate change, air pollution, acidification, and other environmental issues. Food waste is another prominent issue as one third of food meant for human consumption is lost. Sustainable packaging aims to address properties of food, for example chemical and microbiological properties, in order to limit packaging and food waste.

Bio-Based Plastics
Another alternative to commonly used petroleum plastics are bio-based plastics. Examples of bio-based plastics include natural biopolymers and polymers synthesized from natural feedstock monomers, which can be extracted from plants, animals, or microorganisms. A polymer that is bio-based and used to make plastic materials is not necessarily compostable or bio-degradable. Natural biopolymers can be often biodegraded in the natural environment while only a few bio-based monomer bio-based plastics can be. Bio-based plastics are a more sustainable option in comparison to their petroleum based counterparts, yet they only account for 1% of plastics produced annually as of 2020.

Chitosan
Chitosan is a studied biopolymer that can be used as a packaging alternative that increases shelf life and reduces the use of synthetic plastics. Chitosan is a polysaccharide that is obtained through the deacetylation of chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide on Earth derived from the non-edible portions of marine invertebrates. The increased use of chitosan has the possibility to reduce food waste and the waste from food packaging. Chitosan is compiled of antimicrobial activities and film forming properties which make it biodegradable and deter growth of spoilage. In comparison to degrading synthetic plastics, that may take years, biopolymers such as chitosan can degrade in weeks. Antimicrobial packaging includes techniques such as modified atmospheric packaging that reduce activities of microbes and bacterial growth. Chitosan as an alternative promotes less food waste and less reliance on non-degradable plastic materials.

Benefits
Alongside the environmental benefits of adopting sustainable packaging, eco-friendly packaging can increase sales, reduce packaging cost, and increase the image of a company's brand alongside the rising awareness spread regarding environmental impact. There has also been found a direct correlation between a company's implementation of sustainable packaging and a more sustainable supply chain management. Alternatives such as bio-based plastics that are abundant, low cost, and biodegradable, offer a possibility of reducing use of petroleum resources and carbon dioxide emissions.

California
In 1991 the state of California passed the Rigid Plastic Packaging Container (RPPC) Law/Program to decrease wasted plastic in landfills and recycle more RPPCs. This regulation requires RPPC manufacturers to produce rigid plastic packaging that complies with one of the following rules: RPPC must either be created from 25% recycled material, reusable, source-reduced, 45% recyclable, or utilized in the flower business and made from flower preservatives.

Proposed in 2018 by Senator Ben Allen (D-CA), Senate Bill (SB) 1335 is a sustainable packaging bill that involves the requirement for food service facilities in the state of California to disperse food and drink containers that are recyclable or compostable. As of December 30th, 2020, CalRecycle has approved of these proposed regulations, and has submitted the proposal to the Office of Administrative Law for final approval.

House of Representatives
On April 22, 2021, the 117th House of Representatives introduced a bill, H.R. 2821, referred to as the "Plastic Waste Reduction and Recycling Research Act." This bill proposes an installation of plastic recycling programs in all states to reduce the country's plastic footprint, begin the process of creating more sustainable compounds as an alternative for plastics, create new plastic pollution regulations, and begin research on the impacts of existing and new plastics and alternatives. These sustainable compounds include bio-based plastics and biodegradable plastics, among other alternatives yet to be created. The bill enlists the aid and support of many government institutions like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

On March 2nd, 2021 the Climate Leadership and Environmental Action for our Nation (CLEAN) act was introduced by the House of Representatives as bill that includes the mandate to pause the construction of plastic facilities, imposing restrictions on chemical recycling, and establishes the national bottle bill, which focuses on reducing the production of single-use plastic, mainly focusing on bottle production. The bill also grants the Environmental Protection Agency jurisdiction over the single use plastic production process, including packaging and restriction enforcement. Introduced by senate majority whip Dick Durban (D-IL), the bill will receive $50 billion in investments towards clean energy projects to assist in America's transition towards a zero-carbon emission economy.

The Senate
On February 11, 2020, the 116th Senate introduced the “Break Free From Plastic Pollution Act of 2020” bill (S.3263), which would become an amendment of The Solid Waste Disposal Act. This bill would reduce some single waste plastics like plastic drink bottles, plastic straws, plastic cutlery and containers from food establishments, paper media, and more. The bill proposes these items be manufactured with sustainable and compostable packaging, including but not limited to recyclable metals like aluminum, sustainable compounds that exist and are in the making, glass, and paper. These sustainable and recyclable material alternatives would need to have more negligible environmental impacts than plastic because the bill’s purpose is to also prevent more plastic from invading human and biological ecosystems.