User:Ichthyovenator/List of Roman emperors2

The Principate (27 BC–235)
The chronology and the emperors represented below follows the commonly accepted line of legitimate senior emperors, as per Levick (1985) and Elton (1825).

Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)
The Crisis of the Third Century saw the rise and fall of many usurpers, some of which successfully took control of the empire and became legitimate emperors. The chronology and the emperors represented below follows the commonly accepted line of legitimate senior emperors, as per Levick (1985), Elton (1825) and Grant (1999).

The Dominate (284–518)
Through most of the period from the late third century to the late fifth century, imperial power was divided into West and East. The chronology and the emperors represented below follows the commonly accepted line of legitimate senior emperors, as per Elton (1825), Goldsworthy (2003) and Haldon (2005). Though imperial power was often divided between West and East, the Roman Empire as a whole was still considered undivided; there were not separate Western and Eastern empires. Instead, the Eastern and Western emperors were simply co-rulers (as there had been at many points before in Roman history), though this time with designated geographical areas of control. To simplify the list, the co-rulers represented for each emperor below are only those junior or senior partners in the part of the empire ruled by that emperor.

Justinian dynasty (518–602)
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, Roman rule continued uninterrupted in the east until the eastern empire fell in 1453. Although Greek increasingly replaced Latin as an administrative language and the empire's borders gradually shrunk to encompass only majority-Greek-speaking lands, the citizens and emperors of the eastern empire continually maintained that they were Romaioi (Romans), not Hellenes (Greeks). Nevertheless, modern historiography traditionally views the Eastern Roman Empire of the Middle Ages as a distinct culture and civilization, referring to it as the Byzantine Empire. As the distinction is modern, where the line is drawn between Rome and Byzantium is arbitrary and contentious, with suggested dates ranging from the division of the Roman Empire upon the death of Theodosius I in 395 to the end of Latin inscriptions being used on coins in the early 8th century. As per Craven (2019), this list ends with Maurice and his son and co-emperor Theodosius. The century following Maurice's deposition by Phocas saw a series of events which terminated Roman control of the Mediterranean. Phocas neglected the administration of the empire, decimated the old ruling class and emptied much of the imperial treasury. During the rule of the succeeding Heraclian dynasty, the rise of Islam brought with it the loss of the Levant and North Africa and at the same time, imperial control of Italy, reconquered under Justinian I, began to terminally decline.


 * For further Roman emperors in the East, see List of Byzantine emperors

Cited bibliography

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