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Sanguinarine is a polycyclic quaternary alkaloid. Sanguinarine contains the benzophenathridine moiety, similar to Chelerythrine and Fagaronine. It is extracted from some plants, including the bloodroot plant, from whose scientific name, Sanguinaria canadensis, its name is derived; the Mexican prickly poppy (Argemone mexicana); Chelidonium majus; and Macleaya cordata.

Toxicity
Sanguinarine is a toxin that kills animal cells through its action on the Na+/K+-ATPase transmembrane protein. Epidemic dropsy is a disease that results from ingesting sanguinarine. Sanguinarine also has antimicrobial properties, via intercalation of DNA with cysteine containing enzymes.

If applied to the skin, sanguinarine may cause a massive scab of dead flesh where it killed the cells where it was applied, called an eschar. For this reason, sanguinarine is termed an escharotic.

It is said to be 2.5 times more toxic than dihydrosanguinarine.

LD50 (in rats) of Sanguinarine:


 * Oral LD50 is 1,658 mg/kg
 * Intra-venous LD50 is 29 mg/kg
 * Acute Dermal LD50 is > 200 mg/kg

Alternative medicine
Native Americans once used sanguinarine in the form of bloodroot as a medical remedy, believing it had curative properties as an emetic, respiratory aid, and for a variety of ailments. In Colonial America, sanguinarine from bloodroot was used as a wart remedy. Later, in 1869, William Cook's The Physiomedical Dispensatory included information on the preparation and uses of sanguinarine. During the 1920s and 1930s, sanguinarine was the chief component of "Pinkard's Sanguinaria Compound," a drug sold by Dr. John Henry Pinkard. Pinkard advertised the compound as "a treatment, remedy, and cure for pneumonia, coughs, weak lungs, asthma, kidney, liver, bladder, or any stomach troubles, and effective as a great blood and nerve tonic." In 1931, several samples of the compound were seized by federal officials who determined Pinkard's claims to be fraudulent. Pinkard pleaded guilty in court and accepted a fine of $25.00.

More recently, sanguinarine from bloodroot has been promoted by many alternative medicine companies as a treatment or cure for cancer; however, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that products containing bloodroot, or other sanguinarine-based plants, have no proven anti-cancer effects, and that they should be avoided on those grounds. Meanwhile, Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration also advise consumers not to purchase or use products marketed as containing Sanguinaria canadensis to cure or treat cancer, including certain types of skin cancer. Indeed, oral use of such products has been associated with oral leukoplakia, a possible precursor of oral cancer. In addition, the escharotic form of sanguinarine, applied to the skin for skin cancers, may leave cancerous cells alive in the skin while creating a significant scar. For this reason it is not recommended as a skin cancer treatment.

Incidents of poisoning
Ingestion of edible oil adulterated with Argemone mexicana (contains sanguinarine) causes epidemic dropsy. One of the major outbreaks of epidemic dropsy happened in New Delhi, India in 1998. There were about 2552 recorded cases and 65 deaths over the course of three months. Note, the numbers are likely to be higher due to lack of recording of milder cases of epidemic dropsy. Northern parts of India were more affected as these regions use mustard oil for cooking and massage, which was contaminated with Argemone oil.

Biosynthesis
In plants, sanguinarine biosynthesis begins with 4-hydroxyphenyl-acetaldehyde and dopamine. These two compounds are combined to form norcoclaurine. Next, methyl groups are added to form N-methylcoclaurine. The enzyme CYP80B1 subsequently adds a hydroxyl group, forming 3'-hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine. The addition of another methyl group transforms this compound into reticuline.

Notably, biosynthesis of sanguinarine up to this point is virtually identical to that of morphine. However, instead of being converted to codeinone (as in the biosynthesis of morphine), reticuline is converted to scoulerine via berberine bridge enzyme (BBE). As such, this is the commitment step in the sanguinarine pathway. Although it is unknown exactly how scoulerine proceeds down the biosynthetic pathway, it is eventually converted to dihydrosanguinarine. The precursor to sanguinarine, dihydrosanguinarine is converted to the final toxin via the action of dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase.

Sanguinarine can also undergo interconversion to dihydro-sanguinarine via sanguinarine reductase along electron donor NADPH. Dihydrosanguinarine can interconvert back to sanguinarine via dihydro-benzophenanthridine oxidase. The interconversion of sanguinarine and dihydro-sanguinarine is mechanism used by plants to cope with their own alkaloids, as they are not resistant.