User:Ijwilliams

I am an undergraduate student at Rice University interested in issues of social justice and child welfare. I am a current student in the Poverty, Justice and Human Capabilities course offered by Rice and am excited to contribute to the free knowledge of Wikipedia.

Proposed Project Topic - PJHC 371
I am interested in creating an article for Wikipedia on the subject of medical racism in the United States. With a well-developed and structured parent article titled “Racism in the United States” I feel that there is a sufficiently strong foundation on which to begin the discussion of this topic on Wikipedia. This article will be an entirely new entry that I hope can shed light on this subject.

References

Dossey, Larry. “Medical Racism.” EXPLORE 11, no. 3 (2015): 165–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2015.02.009.

Goff, Phillip Atiba, Jennifer L Eberhardt, Melissa J Williams, and Matthew Christian Jackson. “Not Yet Human: Implicit Knowledge, Historical Dehumanization, and Contemporary Consequences.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 2 (2008): 292–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292.

Green, Alexander R, Dana R Carney, Daniel J Pallin, Long H Ngo, Kristal L Raymond, Lisa I Iezzoni, and Mahzarin R Banaji. “Implicit Bias among Physicians and its Prediction of Thrombolysis Decisions for Black and White Patients.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 22 (2007): 1231–1238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5.

Hoberman, John M. Black and Blue : the Origins and Consequences of Medical Racism / John Hoberman. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012.

Khan, Shujhat, and Areeb Mian. “Racism and Medical Education.” The Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 9 (2020): 1009–1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30639-3.

Louie, Patricia, and Rima Wilkes. “Representations of Race and Skin Tone in Medical Textbook Imagery.” Social Science & Medicine 202 (2018): 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.023.

Marcelin, Jasmine R, Dawd S Siraj, Robert Victor, Shaila Kotadia, and Yvonne A Maldonado. “The Impact of Unconscious Bias in Healthcare: How to Recognize and Mitigate It.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. Supplement_2 (September 15, 2019): S62–S73. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz214.

Nuriddin, Ayah, Graham Mooney, and Alexandre I. R. White. "Reckoning with Histories of Medical Racism and Violence in the USA." Lancet (London, England) 396, no. 10256 (Oct 03, 2020): 949-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32032-8.

Sharma, Malika, and Ayelet Kuper. “The Elephant in the Room: Talking Race in Medical Education.” Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice 22, no. 3 (2017): 761–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-016-9732-3.

Turbes, Sandra, Erin Krebs, and Sara Axtell. “The Hidden Curriculum in Multicultural Medical Education: The Role of Case Examples.” Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 77, no.3 (Mar 2002): 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-200203000-00007.

Proposed Project Topics - PJHC 394
I am interested in possibly working on the articles on human trafficking in Singapore or Haitian Americans. Each of these articles is short and could do with some added information on the topics considering their relevancy. Each article presents its own set of challenges in terms of finding adequate sources for the subject. However, I think that applicable and quality sources can be found to provide these articles with better information on their respective topics.

References - human trafficking in Singapore


 * 1) Wong, Ronald JJ. “A Critique of International and Singapore Legal Treatments of Trafficking in Persons.” 2014. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, no. Jul 2014, National University of Singapore, 2014, pp. 179–205, https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.609103014065165.
 * 2) Yea, Sallie, and Stephanie Chok. “Unfreedom Unbound: Developing a Cumulative Approach to Understanding Unfree Labour in Singapore.” Work, Employment and Society, vol. 32, no. 5, Oct. 2018, pp. 925–941, doi:10.1177/0950017017738956.
 * 3) Yea, S. “Editorial: The Politics of Evidence, Data and Research in Anti-Trafficking Work”. Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 8, Apr. 2017, doi:10.14197/atr.20121781.
 * 4) Chapman-Schmidt, Ben. “Sex in the Shadow of the Law: Regulating Sex Work and Human Trafficking in Singapore.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015, pp. 1–21., doi:10.1017/asjcl.2015.1.
 * 5) Anil Kumar, Jaya. “The Impact of Human Trafficking in ASEAN: Singapore as a Case-Study.” Asian Journal of International Law., vol. 8, no. 1, Cambridge University Press,, 2018, pp. 189–224, https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251316000254.
 * 6) Yea, Sallie. “Helping from Home: Singaporean Youth Volunteers with Migrant-Rights and Human-Trafficking Ngos in Singapore.” The Geographical Journal, vol. 184, no. 2, 2017, pp. 169–178., doi:10.1111/geoj.12221.
 * 7) Yea, Sallie. “Mobilising the Child Victim: The Localisation of Human Trafficking in Singapore through Global Activism.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, vol. 31, no. 6, Dec. 2013, pp. 988–1003, doi:10.1068/d15411.
 * 8) Baer, Kathryn. “The Trafficking Protocol and the Anti-Trafficking Framework: Insufficient to Address Exploitation.” Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 4, 2015, doi:10.14197/atr.201215412.
 * 9) Yea, Sallie. “Trafficked Enough? Missing Bodies, Migrant Labour Exploitation, and the Classification of Trafficking Victims in Singapore.” Antipode, vol. 47, no. 4, 2015, pp. 1080–1100., doi:10.1111/anti.12144.
 * 10) Yea, Sallie. “Girls on Film: Affective Politics and the Creation of an Intimate Anti-Trafficking Public in Singapore through Film Screenings.” Political Geography, vol. 45, Mar. 2015, pp. 45–54., doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.08.009.

References - Haitian Americans


 * 1) Ritger, Carly. Embrace the Good, Refuse the Bad: Haitian American Children's Selective Engagement with the United States, Boston University, Ann Arbor, 2021. ProQuest, http://ezproxy.rice.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/embrace-good-refuse-bad-haitian-american/docview/2572608643/se-2?accountid=7064.
 * 2) Telus, H.. “Haitians Are Everywhere but Nowhere:” Race, Place, and Identity Formation Among Chicago Haitians. 1, University of Illinois at Chicago, 8 Apr. 2021, doi:10.25417/uic.15272157.v1.
 * 3) Phillips, Klaudya. Lived Experiences of Haitian Immigrants in the United States during the Trump Administration, Walden University, Ann Arbor, 2022. ProQuest, http://ezproxy.rice.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/lived-experiences-haitian-immigrants-united/docview/2595651288/se-2?accountid=7064.
 * 4) Johnson, Kevin R. "Judicial Acquiescence to the Executive Branch's Pursuit of Foreign Policy and Domestic Agendas in Immigration Matters: The Case of the Haitian Asylum-Seekers." Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, March 1993, p. 1-38. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/geoimlj7&i=11.
 * 5) Ignatius, Sarah. "Haitian Asylum-Seekers: Their Treatment as a Measure of the INS Asylum Officer Corps." Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, March 1993, p. 119-148. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/geoimlj7&i=129.
 * 6) Lindskoog, Carl. Detain and Punish: Haitian Refugees and the Rise of the World's Largest Immigration Detention System. University Press of Florida, 2018. Project MUSE. muse.jhu.edu/book/59669.
 * 7) Stepick, Alex. “Haitian Boat People: A Study in the Conflicting Forces Shaping U.S. Immigration Policy.” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 45, no. 2, Duke University School of Law, 1982, pp. 163–96, https://doi.org/10.2307/1191407.
 * 8) Lennox, Malissia. “Refugees, Racism, and Reparations: A Critique of the United States’ Haitian Immigration Policy.” Stanford Law Review, vol. 45, no. 3, Stanford Law Review, 1993, pp. 687–724, https://doi.org/10.2307/1229010.
 * 9) Vazquez, Carlos Manuel. "The Self-Executing Character of the Refugee Protocol's Nonrefoulement Obligation." Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, March 1993, p. 39-66. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/geoimlj7&i=49.
 * 10) Schoenholtz, Andrew I. "Aiding and Abetting Persecutors: The Seizure and Return of Haitian Refugees in Violation of the U.N. Refugee Convention and Protocol." Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, vol. 7, no. 1, March 1993, p. 67-86. HeinOnline, https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/geoimlj7&i=77

Proposed Work on Human trafficking in Singapore Article
Lead: I want for the lead to do a better job of incorporating the definition into it instead of having a separate section for it. It also immediately narrows the focus to sex trafficking and the trafficking of women and girls. This doesn’t account for the other types of trafficking present in Singapore and the prevalence of them in the country. This must be revised to better reflect the full picture.

-       Clarke, L. (2013). Behind closed doors: Trafficking into Domestic Servitude in Singapore. Equal Rights Trust. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/ERR10_art2.pdf

Prevalence: In this section, any available and applicable statistics on human trafficking in Singapore can be included as well as an overall discussion of the prevalence of the practice in the country over the years. The country is currently considered “Tier 1” in terms of its efforts on human trafficking. However, what does this mean and how has this status come to be over the years? This section will answer these questions and other similar ones.

-       Wong, R. J. J. (2014). A critique of international and Singapore legal treatments of trafficking in persons. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 179–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24872239

-       Yea, S. (2017). Editorial: The politics of evidence, data and research in anti-trafficking work. Anti-Trafficking Review, (8), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.20121781

Types of Trafficking: This section will improve on the current article’s focus on the trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation and further include other types of trafficking such as labor trafficking. It will describe what the different types of trafficking are and their prevalence in the country of Singapore. Sex trafficking and labor trafficking are two types that through research I have found to be prevalent in the country. If it is the case that I am missing another type this section may be revised upon.

Sex Trafficking:

-       Chapman-Schmidt, B. (2015). Sex in the shadow of the law: Regulating sex work and human trafficking in Singapore. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 10(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/asjcl.2015.1

-       Yea, S. (2015). Girls on film: Affective politics and the creation of an intimate anti-trafficking public in Singapore through film screenings. Political Geography, 45, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.08.009

Labor Trafficking:

-       Yea, S., & Chok, S. (2018). Unfreedom Unbound: Developing a Cumulative Approach to Understanding Unfree Labour in Singapore. Work, Employment and Society, 32(5), 925–941. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017017738956

-       Chok, S. (2019, January). (PDF) behind closed doors: Forced labour in the domestic work sector in Singapore. ResearchGate. Retrieved February 16, 2022, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330465481_Behind_Closed_Doors_Forced_Labour_in_the_Domestic_Work_Sector_in_Singapore

Governmental Efforts: This section mirrors some of what I have seen in both comparison articles that I picked but also what is included in the US Trafficking in Person’s Report. This report includes these three sections, and they are also included in the general article on human trafficking on Wikipedia. They each have to do with the efforts of government’s when it comes to human trafficking in their country. Information on these topics should be abundant since the TIP report is organized this way and Singapore is classed as a Tier 1 country meaning that they are making significant efforts in each of these realms.

Protection:

-       Wong, R. J. J. (2014). A critique of international and Singapore legal treatments of trafficking in persons. Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 179–205. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24872239

-       United States Department of State. (2016-2021). Trafficking in Persons Report: Singapore. https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracy-and-human-rights/office-to-monitor-and-combat-trafficking-in-persons/

Prosecution:

-       Baer, K. (2015). The trafficking protocol and the anti-trafficking framework: Insufficient to address exploitation. Anti-Trafficking Review, (4), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.201215412

-       United States Department of State. (2016-2021). Trafficking in Persons Report: Singapore. https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracy-and-human-rights/office-to-monitor-and-combat-trafficking-in-persons/

Prevention:

-       Yea, S. (2015). Girls on film: Affective politics and the creation of an intimate anti-trafficking public in Singapore through film screenings. Political Geography, 45, 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.08.009

-       United States Department of State. (2016-2021). Trafficking in Persons Report: Singapore. https://www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracy-and-human-rights/office-to-monitor-and-combat-trafficking-in-persons/

I think that the most important addition in terms of links is adding the link to this article to the section on Singapore in the Wiki article ‘Human Trafficking.’ This will help bring readers to the article. I think that I also may edit the Singapore section of this article once I have done more on my article so it will be updated and better represent what it is that it’s linked to.

There are potential difficulties that I anticipate encountering in trying to maintain diversity in the sources that I utilize. There are clearly some academics who regularly publish work on this subject, and I was able to find different writings from them over and over again. These will be useful as well, however, I aim to create the fullest picture that I can and to do this I will need a range of sources.