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Facts
39.1 per 1000 of live births are related to mothers between 15 to 19 years old in the Unites States (1). Teenage mothers rate decrease to one third from 1991 to 2005 but the United States still has highest rate of teen pregnancy among western industrial nations (2). Teenage pregnancy and early motherhood can be effected both mother and child outcomes. There is significant association between being teenage mother and poor education, poor physical and mental health, social isolation, poverty and homelessness. Early child social mental health is playing important role in long-term outcomes. Children of teenage mothers show problems in cognitive and socio-emotional development, which continue into adolescence (3,4). Studies shows more engage in early sexual intercourse, high school drop out and behavioral problems in children of adolescent mothers in compare of adult mothers. Also daughters of teen mothers are more likely to become teen mothers (5).

Attachment
Children with secure attachment are having better socio-emotional development and ability to interact entire life; On the other hand, children with insecure attachment are more likely to having trouble in social abilities on their future. Secure attachment especially in early childhood is related to better long-term cognitive, behavioral and socio-emotional outcomes. So we can see how important is practice secure attachment in a population at risk of poor attachment such as teenage parents (6). Studies show attachment is related to the relationship between mother and infant, also sometimes maybe some cultural factors have effect on emotional response and behaviors. But, there was no direct association between attachment outcomes and specific race or culture (7). Caregivers can play important role to improve teen mothers and infant relationship by encouraging them to consider some behaviors, which are improving more secure attachment outcomes. Also they can help adolescent mothers to interpret some of infants’ behaviors and giving better respond to their state and needs (6). Teen mothers in compare to adult mothers reported lower self-esteem, more stress, more potential for child abuse, providing lower quality of home environment. But studies did not show any significant differences in attachment classification between infant of teenage mothers and adult mothers. Also both adult and adolescent mothers infants show similar attachment patterns (7).

Mother’s characteristics
Parents’ mental health especially mothers’ is playing important role in infant attachment, behavior and mental health development and long-term outcomes. Studies show teen mothers’ anger and conflict with partner has impact on children’s angry and oppositional behavior (8). High school dropout is very frequent in teenage mothers. Maternal education and returning to school has direct impact on their future and indirect effect on their child mental and physical development. Studies between teen mother and adult mothers from similar parity and socioeconomic status show adolescent mothers are having less vocalize, touch and smile, also be less sensitive to accepting their infants behavior, and to hold less realistic developmental expectation, in compare to adult mothers (7). Social support can be very positively effects on mothers well being and improve infant-mothers relationship. Teen mothers who have more social support showing less anger and less using of punitive methods of parenting in compare to adolescent mother with few social support (9).

Partner support
Studies show fathers of teen mothers’ children are more likely to be from low socio economic class, unmarried, nonresidential, and by average 2.6 to 3.5 years older than mothers. Partner support has protecting effect on teen mothers’ psychology, well-being, education, and better mental and physical developmental outcomes for the baby. Studies shows livening with husband decrease depressive symptoms (10), and increase self-esteem of adolescent mothers (11). Fathers’ involvement with infants associated with the quality of parent relationship, Fathers who engaged more with teen mothers show better engagement with their children also (12,13). Some of teenage mothers have strong need to maintain a relationship with a man so this may be cause ignoring their child needs in favor of their partner’s needs. These groups possibly having relationships with men who have a negative influence on them and may be abuse them or their child (14). There are more troubles in partner relationships of teenage mother in compare to adult mothers, these conflict can lead to adverse socio-emotional outcomes in children (15). Research shows teen mothers who married and remained married has less economical problem. Being single teenage mother increase 3 times likelihood of being welfare (16).

Role of grand parents
Grandmothers have critical role in early years of childbirth. Their support is important factor for mothers to complete their education. And living in the same home may be beneficial for both mother and child. Researches on low birth weight infants of teenage mothers find infants who lived with grandmother, at age 1 have higher intelligent quotient and health outcomes. Also living with grandparents increase teen mothers satisfaction with parenting (14). But, teenager and grandmother co-residence in long term may have adverse impact on their relationship and cause conflict. So this conflict has negative effect on home environment and child mental health (14). Researchers found not only, living in a three-generation household do not have protective effect on behavior and socio-emotional problems of preschool children but also increase behavioral problem in teen mothers children. Also they find the fewest behavioral problem in children who lives with their mothers on their own home (17).

Early head start and teen parents families:
Early head start program in United States have unique and specific program for teenage parents and their children based on their needs. Some of their services for teen parents are listed below: •	Helping teen parents to balance teen life experiences with parenting and family •	Demands •	Working with teen parents to help them build healthy and safe relationships •	Supporting teen parents in managing roles within extended families •	Seeking appropriate mental health services •	Providing relevant parenting education for teens Participation in this program had significant positive effect on parenting, child development, and economic self-sufficiency in teenage parent families. Also it has positive impact on parent-child interaction and socio-emotional development in all children. This program improves sustained attention to subject during play especially in teen mothers children, and positive effect on negativity and aggression in all participant children. Home visiting programs during prenatal and early child hood period reduce the number of pregnancies, use of governmental assistance, child neglect and abuse, and criminal behavior in adolescent mothers. These home visitations also show strong association with reduction in risk of serious antisocial behavior and substance abuse by children of teen mothers during the first 15 years of life follow up (18,19).

Second chance housing
Second hand housing is a program funded and operated by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. This program offers a community atmosphere for adolescent mothers. They set up a group home for teen moms, a cluster of housing or subdivision. Second hand housing provides a place to live teen mothers, also educate them about basic childcare skills, job skills and eventual independence (20). Stratright teen mothers of mentor This program is run and funded by Department of Obstetrics and Genecology at university of Missouri and Truman medical center in Kansas City. They have two locations and provide service teen mothers from all over the country. Their focuses are on goal setting, completion of high school and post-secondary education and sexual health, including practice on safe sex to avoid repeat pregnancy. This program aims to provide tool for teenage mother to be successful in their adulthood (21).

Insight teen parent program
This program is based in Oregon and serves teen parents from all over the country. The insight teen parent program is helping teen mothers to find a reliable job, housing and education following the birth of their children. They offering healthy start medical care in early childhood. Also this program focuses on case management and support group in which teen mothers can join together and discuss their experiences and strategies for the future (22).

WIC
Women, Infant and Children, is a governmental- sponsored program which is focusing on food and nutrition services to provide quality food for low income families on the state level. Adolescent mothers can apply for formula, milk and basic food items through the state. They also offer breastfeeding and nutrition resources, health care and other supports through their program (23).

References’: 1.	Hamilton BE, Martin JA, Ventura SJ. Births: Preliminary data for 2009. National Vital Statistics Reports 2010;59(3):Table. 2.	Singh S, Darroch JE. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing: levels and trends in developed countries. Family Planning Perspectives 2000;32(1):14–23. 3.	Furstenberg FF, Brooks-Gunn J, Chase-Lansdale L. Teenaged pregnancy and childbearing. Am Psychol 1989;44:313-20. 4.	Brooks-Gunn J, Furstenberg FF. The children of adolescent mothers: Physical, academic and psychological outcomes. Dev Rev 1986;6:224-51. 5.	Furstenberg, F.F., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Morgan, S.P. (1987). Adolescent mothers in later life. New York: Cambridge University Press. 6.	Flaherty SC, Sadler LS. 2010 May A review of attachment theory in the context of adolescent parenting. J Pediatr Health Care. 7.	Lynne Andreozzi, PhD; Patricia Flanagan, MD; Ronald Seifer, PhD; Susan Brunner; Barry Lester, PhD Attachment Classifications Among 18-Month-Old Children of Adolescent Mothers Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:20-26. 8.	Jennifer M. Jenkins,1 Jennifer D. Shapka,2 and Ann M. Sorenson31Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada; 2Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, University of British Columbia, Canada; 3Department of Sociology, University of Toronto, Canada Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 47:8 (2006), pp 775–782 9.	http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/2/429.full.html 10.	Turner RJ, Grindstaff CF, Phillips N. Social support and outcome in teenage pregnancy. J Health Soc Behav 1990;31: 43-57. 57. 11.	Thompson MS, Peebles-Wilkins W. The impact of formal, informal, and societal support networks on the psychological well-being of black adolescent mothers. Soc Work 1992;37: 322-7. 12.	Panzarine S. Stressors, coping, and social supports of adoles- cent mothers. J Adolesc Health Care 1986;7:153-61. 13.	Furstenberg FF. Burdens and benefits: The impact of early childbearing on the family. J Soc Issues 1980;36:64-87. psychologi7. -7.: 322-7. 14.	Musick JS. Grandmothers and grandmothers-to-be: Effects on adolescent mothers and adolescent mothering. Infants Young Child 1994;6:1-9. 15.	Bachrach, C.A., Clogg, C.C., & Carver, K. (1993). Outcomes of early childbearing: Summary of a conference. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 337–349. 16.	Furstenberg FF, Brooks-Gunn J, Morgan SP. Adolescent moth- ers in later life. New York Cambridge University Press, 1987. 17.	Pediatrics 2002; 109:573–580; adolescent mother, 3-generation, grand- mother, maternal depression, maltreatment. 18.	http://www.ehsnrc.org/Publications/English%20Tip%20Sheets/TIP%20SHEET%2034.pdf 19.	http://www.clasp.org/admin/site/publications_archive/files/0210.pdf 20.	http://www.livestrong.com/article/124754-programs-teen-moms/ 21.	http://www.hhs.gov/opa/familylife/annualconfabstracts/truman_abstract.pdf 22.	http://www.insightstpp.org/ 23.	http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/