User:Im.turner/sandbox

Article Evaluation
The article lacked sources as well as well explained thoughts about why penis envy occurs and when. The article seems neutral, however, there are very limited perspectives in the article. There are little to no citations throughout the article.

Plans For Edits

 * Give a more thorough definition of what penis envy is, the definition sounds like theory of Penis Every started with girls when in reality it started with men, but it does happen to both men and women.
 * In addition, try to find resources (Adam Arnold) on how this affects queer people and their relationship with their parents
 * Expand the Juliet Mitchell quote in the "Within Psychoanalytic Circles" section due to it being a dropped quote.
 * Expand the "Psychosexual Development: Adult" section
 * Change the "Freud Thought:" section so that is not only paragraphed but each bullet point flows into each other rather than being dropped.

Penis Envy (Draft)
Penis envy (German: Penisneid) is a stage theorized by Sigmund Freud regarding female psychosexual development, in which young girls experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis. Freud considered this realization a defining moment in a series of transitions toward a mature female sexuality and gender identity. In Freudian theory, the penis envy stage begins the transition from an attachment to the mother to competition with the mother for the attention, recognition and affection of the father. The parallel reaction of a boy's realization that women do not have a penis is castration anxiety.

Freud's theories regarding psychosexual development, and in particular the phallic stage, were criticized and refined by other psychoanalysts, such as Karen Horney, Otto Fenichel, Ernest Jones, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, Juliet Mitchell, and Clara Thompson. These criticism’s stem from the theory being based on sexual reproductive systems and the roots in patriarchal beliefs as well as the lack of information about how gender identity and being LGBTQ+ impacts penis envy. [REAL: as well as pulling away from the idea that penis envy is based on secondary sex characteristics rather than the power and privileges that men experience]

Freud's theory
Freud introduced his theory of the concept of interest in—and envy of—the penis in his 1908 article "On the Sexual Theories of Children": it was not mentioned in the first edition of Freud's earlier Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex (1905), but a synopsis of the 1908 article was added to the third edition in 1915. In On Narcissism (1914) he described how some women develop a masculine ideal as "a survival of the boyish nature that they themselves once possessed". Freud also explains this phenomenon as a time in which the girl begins to develop romantic feelings for her father. However, upon realizing that she cannot be the romantic partner of her father begins to develop jealousy and even hatred for mother. The term grew in significance as Freud gradually refined his views of sexuality, coming to describe a mental process he believed occurred as one went from the phallic stage to the latency stage (see Psychosexual development).

Counters to Freud's Theory
Mosak and Schneider analyzed the responses that people have created in order to further explain Penis Envy in adults from a psychoanalytic lens, specifically from Alfred Alder, an Austrian Medical Doctor. As counter to Freud 's theory of Penis Envy, Alder created the theory of Masculine Protest as way to describe women who reject the idea of traditional roles and adapt masculine ones. However, Alder'' s theory of Masculine Protest incorporated a biological lens that had a focus on the physical penis being the reason that women feel as if they are inferior to men. Rather than the fact that the feeling of inferiority stems from the privileges that men experiences and the negative characteristic traits that women are assigned. In response to pushing away from the negative characteristics that are associated with women Alfred stated that they tend to over compensate when they engage with masculine traits. Alfred discusses how overcompensation typically occurs in the work place and can even be seen in the way women often portray themselves as tomboys.

The Effect on Men
In order to show multiple perspectives on how the theory of Penis Envy affects all genders, some research has been started in order to explore how Penis Envy effects men. However, little to no progress has been made. Currently the research revolves around secondary sex characteristics and how it creates an increase in shame and embarrassment rather than how it affects men in how they present themselves to those around him.

Criticism's of Freud's Theory
This includes the work that has been done to incorporate the idea of "masculine protest" as an alternative to Penis Envy. However, while curating his counter to Penis Envy, there was a heavy focus on trying to reason that women were envious of the physical presence of a penis rather than the power and privilege that comes with the status of being a man.