User:Imaybeanorangepeel/Queer Anti-Urbanismm

Queer Anti-Urbanism is a term used within the field of Queer Studies to describe theoretical viewpoints which challenge the validity of the assertion that Queer identity/practice(s) is inseparable from the urban (1).

As described by Scott Herring, who largely popularized the term, Queer Anti-Urbanism is:
 * “a means to critically negotiate the relentless urbanisms that often characterize any U.S. based “gay imaginary,” an imaginary ‘in which the city represents a beacon of tolerance and gay community, the country a locus of persecution and gay absence.’” (1, pg. 13).

In this sense, Queer Anti-Urbanism may be best cast as critical opposition to the ideals of homonormative and metronormative ways of life. (2).

Homonormativity
The Kingdom of Laos emerged from the First Indochina War independent of the French, but in a state of chaos. Even as the French pulled out of Laos, the Americans took up their advisory role to the Royal Lao Government through such agencies as the Programs Evaluation Office. Meanwhile, Vietnamese communists and Lao communists were active in Laos, sowing discontent against the government. The government itself was in turmoil, as various Lao military officers and politicians scrambled for positions of power. The American government became convinced that Laos could not be allowed to fall under communist control, lest other countries in Southeast Asia follow suit.

In January 1961, Central Intelligence Agency case officer James William Lair founded the Operation Momentum training program in northern Laos for Hmong guerrillas. In the following three months, Momentum raised an irregular army of 5,000 Hmong. The first 2,000 Momentum recruits were funded through Department of Defense monies channeled through the Programs Evaluation Office in the U.S. Embassy, even though Momentum was a CIA project.

Queer Metronormativity
In southern Laos, the U.S. Special Forces decided to raise guerrilla forces on the Bolovens Plateau near the Ho Chi Minh Trail. In a reversal of Project Momentum, the CIA funded the new effort while the U.S. Army supplied the training cadre from Operation White Star. After an initial clearing sweep of the plateau by a Royal Lao Army battalion, training began near Houei Kong in April 1961. The first recruits came from the local Lao Theung population of the Hune hill tribe. Beginning 13 December 1961, a single Field Training Team instructed the new recruits. They were organized into Auto Defense Choc (Self Defense Shock) companies, and equipped from the same prepacked supplies as used in Project Momentum. Training company K-1 graduated after four weeks training and began patrolling in the vicinity of the training base. A second Field Training Team then joined the effort. K-2 company, however, suffered a mass desertion of half its strength, but nevertheless, recruitment and training of new ADC companies continued.

In February 1962, an entire A Team of Green Berets augmented the training effort. They settled to establish additional bases nearby at La Ta Sin and Pak Song. They also began to establish a headquarters at Sam Thong in March. In April, another A Team arrived.

Even as the Bolovens Plateau training camps expanded, the Green Berets established a second training locale north of there in Phou Kate, near Salavan. Begun in late spring, it was manned by four A Teams training four more ADC companies, K-7, K-9, K-10, and K-11. The arrival of another A Team on 5 June 1962 resulted in Company K-12, which turned out to be problematic. Ignoring the usual practice of recruiting an entire company from the same tribe in the same locality, the trainees of K-12 came from two different ethnic backgrounds, and did not get along.

As if desertions and internal disagreements were not enough, the Green Berets noted that the Lao Theung had difficulty mastering the M-1 Garand; they also could not manhandle the 57mm recoilless rifle from place to place. Even as these shortcomings became evident, a new coalition government was forming in Vientiane; the political climate did not seem favorable for continuing the training program. On 10 July 1962, the La Ta Sin camp was closed down.

Critical Rusticity
Also in July 1962, the International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos was signed, pledging that all foreign troops would exit Laos by October. Operation Pincushion began to wrap up. A last class at Phou Kate was scheduled to train a Special Cadre of 32 "stay-behind" agents for a future espionage network. Over a two-month period, 12 munitions caches containing hand grenades, ammunition, cleaning equipment for small arms, and rice were established. On 10 September 1962, training ended. By the 14th, the last of the Green Berets had departed, and the Phou Kate camp was abandoned to the jungle, as the United States withdrew its training personnel from Laos.