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Anti-Histone Antibodies

The information on this page is all relevant to the topic but is very sparse. It contains only neutral facts, which are supported by neutral outside sources; however, one of the links is broken.

Because this article is so brief (2 sentences), I am certain that there is important information about these antibodies that can be learned from primary literature. There have been no major updates since the page was created 8 years ago.

There have been no conversations on the Talk page, aside from marking the page as in scope of the WikiProject Medicine and a Stub article of Low importance.

We have not yet begun discussing adaptive immunity in class, but I believe after we talk about antibodies next week, I will have the tools to begin reading about autoimmunity and digging into primary literature on this topic specifically.

Sections to Include

Lead paragraph

Anti-histone antibodies are autoantibodies that are a subset of the anti-nuclear antibody family, that target histones or histone complexes. They were first reported by Henry Kunkel, H.R. Holman, and H.R.G. Dreicher in their studies of cellular causes of Lupus erythematosus in 1959-60. Today, anti-histone antibodies are still used as a marker for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, but are also implicated in other autoimmune diseases like Sjogren's Syndrome, dermatomyositis, or rheumatoid arthritis.

Specificity Anti-Histone Antibodies target 5 major classes of histones: H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. There is evidence that IgG and IgM anti-histone antibodies produced as a result of different drug exposures are specific to epitopes of different histone complexes. Highly modified histones have been shown to prompt a greater immune response.

Detection

Anti-Histone antibodies can be clinically detected using an ELISA assay. A blood sample is required for the test.

Indirect Immunofluorescence can also be used to detect anti-histone antibodies. Homogeneous, diffuse staining indicates the presence of anti-histone antibodies, chromatin, and some double-stranded DNA.

Implications in Disease

Patients with lupus induced by procainamide will have a positive test for anti-histone antibodies 96% of the time, and patients whose lupus was induced by penicillamine, isoniazid, or methyldopa will have a positive test 100% of the time. In patients with Rheumatoid arthritis, Felty's syndrome, Sjogren's Syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and primary biliary cirrhosis, anti-histone antibodies are present 70% of the time. Anti-histone antibodies may also be present in Alzheimers and dementia patients.

A value of greater than 1.5 units relative to a control serum is considered a positive ELISA test for the anti-histone antibodies. Patients with Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus typically have positive tests for anti-histone antibodies but do not have indications for double-stranded DNA autoantibodies. Patients with idiopathic Systemic Lupus Erythematosus have both types of autoantibodies. Thus, this test can be useful in distinguishing these two illnesses.

Sources

Mayo Clinic Clinical Recommendations

Determining diagnostic markers for neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus

Accuracy of histone antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus

Mouse study with histone antibodies

Looking at increased levels of autoantibodies in disease model

Initial paper reporting antihistone antibodies