User:Immcarle85/sandbox

Article Evaluation
The article focuses on the role of CD19 and its importance in disease model research. The citations are primarily from reputable immunology journals. It is lacking in concrete information about CD19 interactions with other proteins. However, a list of proteins was provided without any background information. The information on function is a little bit difficult to follow since it goes from very big picture (where it is found and when during development) to very focused information (specific signaling pathways and complexes). The last addition to the Talk page was made in 2013, so the information in the article could potentially be very outdated. The article is part of Wikiprojects Molecular and Cellular Biology, with a StartClass rating and Low Importance.

Potential Sources:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674915012658

(current research)

https://search.proquest.com/docview/1328797297?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo&accountid=9892

(interactions with TLR)

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-73884-8_7

(B cell lymphocyte regulation and self recognition)

https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/carleton-ebooks/reader.action?docID=330163&ppg=625

(lots of basic facts)

Article Current Draft
B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 (Cluster of Differentiation 19), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD19 gene. It is found on the surface of B-cells, a type of white blood cell.

Contents

 * Structure
 * Function
 * Interactions
 * Disease
 * References
 * 5Further reading
 * 6External links

Structure
CD19 antigen is a transmembrane glycoprotein within the immunoglobulin superfamily.

Function[edit]
Lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate in response to various concentrations of different antigens. The ability of the B cell to respond in a specific, yet sensitive manner to the various antigens is achieved with the use of low-affinity antigen receptors. The CD19 gene encodes a cell surface molecule that assembles with the antigen receptor of B lymphocytes in order to decrease the threshold for antigen receptor-dependent stimulation. CD19 expression is highest in the spleen, lymph nodes, and appendix.

CD19 is expressed on follicular dendritic cells and B cells. It is present on B cells from earliest recognizable B-lineage cells during development to B-cell blasts but is lost on maturation to plasma cells. It primarily acts as a B cell co-receptor in conjunction with CD21 and CD81. Upon activation, the cytoplasmic tail of CD19 becomes phosphorylated, which leads to binding by Src-family kinases and recruitment of PI-3 kinase.

As on T cells, several surface molecules form the antigen receptor and form a complex on B lymphocytes. The (almost) B cell-specific CD19 phosphoglycoprotein is one of these molecules. The others are CD21 and CD81. These surface immunoglobulin (sIg)-associated molecules facilitate signal transduction. On B cells, anti-immunoglobulin antibody mimicking exogenous antigen causes CD19 to bind to sIg and internalize with it. The reverse process has not been demonstrated, suggesting that formation of this receptor complex is antigen-induced. This molecular association has been confirmed by chemical studies.

Interactions[edit]
CD19 has been shown to interact with:
 * CD81,
 * CD82
 * Complement receptor 2, and
 * VAV2.

In disease[edit]
Mutations in CD19 are associated with severe immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by diminished antibody production.

Since CD19 is a hallmark of B-cells, the protein has been used to diagnose cancers that arise from this type of cell - notably B-cell lymphomas. Since 2011, anti-CD19 immunotoxin treatments targeting CD19 have begun to enter trials. Most current experimental anti-CD19 drugs in development work by exploiting the presence of CD19 to direct treatment specifically towards B-cell cancers. However, it is now emerging that the protein plays an active role in driving the growth of these cancers, most intriguingly by stabilizing the concentrations of the MYC oncoprotein. This suggests that CD19 and its downstream signaling may be a more attractive therapeutic target than suspected

CD19 has also been implicated in autoimmune diseases and may be a useful treatment target.