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=Doping in Professional U.S. Sports = Doping in Professional U.S. Sports is a prevalent issue in which athletes use banned substances and are subject to random drug testing. If they are found guilty they may face various punishments dependent on the offense. Sports leagues, including Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, and National Basketball Association, doping within these sports is a prevalent yet controversial issue. Doping in sport refers specifically to the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs as well as illegal substances by athletes within the aforementioned leagues. While the use of banned substances to enhance performance is punishable within all these leagues, each league varies regarding banned substances, testing policies, type of test/frequency of testing, agencies that perform tests, and procedural details. Many well-known athletes across all these leagues have been found guilty of doping and were punished accordingly. Some of these people include, Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants (MLB), Stanley Roberts of the Philadelphia 76ers (NBA), Peyton Manning of the Denver Broncos (NFL). While NHL does not have a high incidence of doping as the other sports listed here, cocaine use has been on the rise recently and several NHL athletes have been found in possession of the drug.

While pages such as Doping in Sport, Doping in the United States, Doping in Baseball and World Anti-Doping Agency provide some similar information to that included on this page, here is a more comprehensive list of banned substances and procedural details for each professional U.S. sport. =U.S. Sports=

List of Banned Compounds
Drugs of Abuse: Any and all substances listed in the Code of Federal Regulations’ Schedule of Controlled Substances is banned from Major League Baseball. This list goes as followed:
 * 1) Natural Cannabinoids (e.g., THC, Hashish and Marijuana)
 * 2) Synthetic THC and Cannabimimetics (e.g., K2 and Spice)
 * 3) Cocaine
 * 4) LSD
 * 5) Opiates (e.g., Oxycodone, Heroin, Codeine, and Morphine)
 * 6) MDMA (Ecstasy)
 * 7) GHB
 * 8) Phencyclidine (PCP)

Performance Enhancing Drugs: All anabolic androgenic steroids covered in the Code of Federal Regulations' Schedule of Controlled Substances are considered Performance Enhancing Substances. Below is a list of Performance Enhancing Substances covered by the Program:
 * 1) Androstadienedione
 * 2) Androstanediol
 * 3) Androstanedione
 * 4) Androstatrienedione (ATD)
 * 5) Androstenediol
 * 6) Androstenedione
 * 7) Androst-2-en-17-one (2-Androstenone, Delta-2)
 * 8) Androstenetrione (6-OXO)
 * 9) Bolandiol
 * 10) Bolasterone
 * 11) Boldenone
 * 12) Boldione
 * 13) Calusterone
 * 14) Clenbuterol
 * 15) Clostebol
 * 16) Danazol
 * 17) Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone
 * 18) Desoxy-methyltestosterone
 * 19) Δ1-dihydrotestosterone
 * 20) 4-dihydrotestosterone
 * 21) Drostanolone
 * 22) Epi-dihydrotestosterone
 * 23) Epitestosterone
 * 24) Ethylestrenol
 * 25) Fluoxymesterone
 * 26) Formebolone
 * 27) Furazabol
 * 28) 13a-ethyl-17a-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one
 * 29) Gestrinone
 * 30) 4-hydroxytestosterone
 * 31) 4-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone
 * 32) Mestanolone
 * 33) Mesterolone
 * 34) Methandienone
 * 35) Methandriol
 * 36) Methasterone (Superdrol)
 * 37) Methenolone
 * 38) Methyldienolone
 * 39) Methylnortestosterone
 * 40) Methylstenbolone (Ultradrol, M-Sten)
 * 41) Methyltestosterone
 * 42) Methyltrienolone (Metribolone)
 * 43) Mibolerone
 * 44) 17a-methyl-Δ1-dihydrotestosterone
 * 45) Nandrolone
 * 46) Norandrostenediol
 * 47) Norandrostenedione
 * 48) Norbolethone
 * 49) Norclostebol
 * 50) Norethandrolone
 * 51) Oxabolone
 * 52) Oxandrolone
 * 53) Oxymesterone
 * 54) Oxymetholone
 * 55) Prostanozol
 * 56) Quinbolone
 * 57) Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)
 * 58) Stanozolol
 * 59) Stenbolone
 * 60) Testosterone
 * 61) Tetrahydrogestrinone
 * 62) Tibolone
 * 63) Trenbolone
 * 64) Zeranol
 * 65) Zilpaterol
 * 66) Any salt, ester or ether of a drug or substance listed above
 * 67) Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Secretagogues and Peptides, including Alexamorelin, CJC-1295, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides (GHRP), Hexarelin, Ibutamoren (MK-0677), Ipamorelin, Myostatin Inhibitors, Pralmorelin, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin, Thymosin Beta 4 (TB-500), and Triptorelin
 * 68) Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1), including all isomers of IGF-1 sometimes referred to as Mechano Growth Factors
 * 69) Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) and LuteinizingHormone (LH)
 * 70) Aromatase Inhibitors, including Anastrozole, Letrozole, Aminoglutethimide, Exemestane, Formestane, and Testolactone
 * 71) Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, including Raloxifen, Tamoxifen, and Toremifen
 * 72) Other Anti-estrogens, including Clomiphene, Cyclofenil, and Fulvestrant
 * 73) Metabolic Modulators, including Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ (PPARδ) agonists, including GW 1516, GW 0742, and AICAR
 * 74) Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents, including Erythropoietin (EPO)

Stimulants: Stimulants include the following:
 * 1) Adrafinil
 * 2) Amfepramone (Diethylpropion)
 * 3) Amiphenazole
 * 4) Amphetamine
 * 5) Amphetaminil
 * 6) Armodafinil
 * 7) Benfluorex
 * 8) Benzphetamine
 * 9) Benzylpiperazine
 * 10) Bromantan
 * 11) Carphedon
 * 12) Cathine (Norpseudoephedrine)
 * 13) Clobenzorex
 * 14) Cropropamide
 * 15) Crotetamide
 * 16) Dimethylamphetamine
 * 17) Ephedrine
 * 18) Etamivan
 * 19) Ethylamphetamine
 * 20) Etilefrine
 * 21) Famprofazone
 * 22) Fenbutrazate
 * 23) Fencamfamine
 * 24) Fenethylline
 * 25) Fenfluramine
 * 26) Fenproporex
 * 27) Furfenorex
 * 28) Heptaminol
 * 29) Isometheptene
 * 30) Meclofenoxate
 * 31) Mefenorex
 * 32) Mephentermine
 * 33) Mesocarb
 * 34) Methamphetamine (Methylamphetamine)
 * 35) Methylenedioxyamphetamine
 * 36) Methylephedrine
 * 37) Methylhexaneamine (Dimethylamylamine, DMAA)
 * 38) Methylphenidate
 * 39) Modafinil
 * 40) N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine (N,a-DEPEA)
 * 41) N-ethyl-1-phenyl-2-butanamine
 * 42) Nikethamide
 * 43) Norfenefrine
 * 44) Norfenfluramine
 * 45) Octopamine
 * 46) Oxilofrine (Methylsynephrine)
 * 47) Pemoline
 * 48) Pentetrazol
 * 49) Phentermine
 * 50) Phenpromethamine
 * 51) Prenylamine
 * 52) Prolintane
 * 53) Phendimetrazine (Phenmetrazine)
 * 54) Propylhexedrine
 * 55) Sibutramine
 * 56) Tuaminoheptane
 * 57) DHEA

Test and Frequency of Tests
According to MLB rules all players are subject to random urine testing during the season as well as once during spring training; there is no limit to the amount of random drug testing during the season. However in off-seasons players are only subject to random urine testing for DHEA (formally known as dehydroepiandrosterone, is a performance enhancing drug. It is a predecessor to testosterone, meaning it results in increased testosterone levels in the body, and therefore increased muscle mass) and performance enhancing drugs.

Players are also subject to announced blood tests for the use of hGH (human Growth Hormone) during the season, off-seasons, and spring training.

In addition players are subject to testing for performance enhancing drugs and DHEA if there is reasonable cause to believe the player is doping. If there is any information provided that a player has bought, sold, used, or possessed these drugs they are subject to testing.

There is however, exemption from these rules if banned substances are being used for therapeutic purposes. Players with documented/ valid medical prescriptions for these banned substances will be granted a TUE and are thus exempt from punishment. In other words, players with a TUE for prohibited substances do not violate the program by possessing or using that substance.

Procedural Details
Players who test positive for a Performance Enhancing Drug will be subject to the following penalties. Players who test positive for a Stimulant will be subject to the following penalties Players who test positive for DHEA will be subject to the following penalties Players who are disciplined for breaking these rules will be subject to 6 unannounced urine collections and 3 unannounced blood tests in every subsequent year for using performance enhancing drugs.
 * 1) First Violation: 80- game suspension
 * 2) Second Violation: 162-game suspension/ 183 days of pay suspension
 * 3) Third Violation: Permanent suspension from Major League/Minor League Baseball
 * 1) First Violation: Follow-up testing
 * 2) Second Violation: 25-game suspension
 * 3) Third Violation: Determined by the Arbitration Board
 * 1) First Violation: Follow-up testing
 * 2) Second Violation: 25-game suspension
 * 3) Third Violation:80-game suspension
 * 4) Fourth and subsequent violations: Determined by the Arbitration Board

Agencies that perform tests
Testing is ordered by the Medical Testing Officer and is performed by the Director of the Montreal Laboratory to ensure all testing remains unbiased.

List of Banned Compounds
Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids ...and other substances with similar chemical structure and biological structure...
 * 1) Androstenediol
 * 2) Androstenedione
 * 3) 1-Androstenediol
 * 4) 1-Androstenedione
 * 5) Bolandiol
 * 6) Bolasterone
 * 7) Boldenone
 * 8) Boldione
 * 9) Calusterone
 * 10) Clostebol
 * 11) Danazol
 * 12) Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone
 * 13) Dehydroepiandrosterone
 * 14)  Desoxymethyltestosterone
 * 15) Dihydrotestosterone
 * 16) Drostanolone
 * 17) Ethylestrenol
 * 18) Fluoxymesterone
 * 19) Formebolone
 * 20) Furazabol
 * 21) Gestrinone
 * 22) 17-Hydroxypregnenedione
 * 23) 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
 * 24) Hydroxytestosterone
 * 25) Mestanolone
 * 26) Mesterolone
 * 27) Methandienone
 * 28) Methandriol
 * 29) Methandrostenolone
 * 30) Methenolone
 * 31) Methyltestosterone
 * 32) Methyl-1-testosterone
 * 33) 7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
 * 34) Methylnortestosterone
 * 35) Methyltrienolone
 * 36) Metribolone
 * 37) Mibolerone
 * 38) Nandrolone
 * 39) 19-Norandrostenediol
 * 40) 19-Norandrostenedione
 * 41) Norboletone
 * 42) Norclostebol
 * 43) Norethandrolone
 * 44) Normethandrolone
 * 45) 19-Nortestosterone (Nandrolone)
 * 46) Oxabolone
 * 47) Oxandrolone
 * 48) 6-Oxoandrosterone
 * 49) Oxymesterone
 * 50) Oxymetholone
 * 51) Prostanazol
 * 52) Quinbolone
 * 53) Progesterone
 * 54) Stanozolol
 * 55) Stenbolone
 * 56) Testosterone
 * 57) 1-Testosterone
 * 58) Tetrahydrogestrinone
 * 59) Trenbolone

Hormones
 * 1) Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
 * 2) Animal Growth Hormones
 * 3) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
 * 4) Insulin Growth Factor (IGF-1)
 * 5) Erythropoietin (EPO)

Anti-Estrogenic Agents:
 * 1) Aminoglutethimide
 * 2) Anastrozole
 * 3) 4-androstene-3,6,17
 * 4) Clomiphene
 * 5) Cyclofenil
 * 6) Exemestane
 * 7) Fadrozole
 * 8) Formestane
 * 9) Fulvestrant
 * 10) Letrozole
 * 11) Raloxifene
 * 12) Tamoxifen
 * 13) Testolactone
 * 14) Toremifene
 * 15) Vorazole

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

Test and Frequency of Tests
According to NFL rules all players are subject to pre-employment, annual, seasonal, post-seasonal, and off-season urine testing. Each week of the regular season and post-season ten players on each club are randomly selected for testing. During the off-season players under contract may be testing up to six times.

Procedural Details
Reasonable cause testing may be required when the IPA receives documentation that a Player may have violated the Policy. Oftentimes the Player is subject to the Reasonable Cause Testing Program. Once found guilty a player, he may appeal. For a Prohibited Substance plus a Diuretic or Masking Agent/Attempt to Substitute, Dilute or Adulterate a Specimen/Attempt to Manipulate a Test Result/Violation of Section 5:
 * 1) First Violation: Suspended without pay for X amount of games depending on the offense.
 * 2) For Diuretic or Masking Agent -- two regular and/or postseason games.
 * 3) For Stimulants or Anabolic Agent -- four regular and/or postseason games.
 * 1) First Violation: Suspension for up to six regular and/or postseason games.
 * 2) Second Violation: Suspension for 10 games whether it be regular or post season without pay.
 * 3) Third Violation: Suspension for 2 seasons from NFL without pay.

Agencies that perform tests
All specimens are collected by an authorized specimen collector under the authority of the Collection Vendor and analyzed at the appropriate laboratory. All testing and enforcement is done through the Independent Administrator (IPA).

List of Banned Compounds
Drugs that are banned in the NHL are determined by the World Anti- Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited performance enhancing substances. From here there are recommendations made to the NHL and NHLPA as to which performance enhancing substances are relevant to the sport of hockey.

This list includes drugs of abuse and most recently there was debate regarding the presence of cocaine in NHL, which led to it's addition to the prohibited substance list.

Test and Frequency of Tests
According to NHL rules, drug testing procedures are similar during training camp, regular season and playoffs. Each club is subject to team-wide, no-notice testing once during training camp. Teams will be selected at random for testing during the regular season and individual players will be randomly selected throughout the season. Tests are conducted at work on the day of practice but not on game days. Throughout the off-season, a maximum of 60 drug tests randomly, without notice.

Procedural Details
A player's refusal to test, tampering with tests, or failed test will result in a positive test result. Such results are subject to appeal to the impartial arbitrator within 48 hours of being notified by the Program Doctor. Disciplinary penalties for a positive test work as follows: All of which include mandatory referral to the SABH Program and possible treatment, if necessary.
 * 1) First violation: a suspension of twenty (20) NHL Games without pay.
 * 2) Second violation: a suspension of sixty (60) NHL Games without pay.
 * 3) Third violation:  a "permanent" suspension. A suspended player may reapply via the Program Committee for discretionary reinstatement after a minimum period of two years.

Agencies that perform tests
The Program Committee is responsible for establishing educational programs for players on the dangers of drug abuse. The Program Committee's responsibilities also include deciding what drugs should be deemed "prohibited," select laboratories and collecting authorities, monitor and oversee the Therapeutic Use Exemption ("TUE") process and creating policy for the destruction of samples and other related documents and records.

List of Banned Compounds
Prohibited substances: All drugs of abuse along with any substances that fall within the categories below are prohibited from the Program. 1. Amphetamines (including methamphetamine and MDMA) 2. Cocaine 3. LSD 4. Opiates 5. PCP 6. Marijuana 7. Steroids 8. Performance enhancing drugs 9. Diuretics

Test and Frequency of Tests
All players are subject to 4 random tests per season. An accused player has 5 days to request a retest. There is also reasonable cause testing (If there is reason to believe a player is violating drug rules the NBA will hold a hearing to determine if there is reasonable cause to do a drug test).

Procedural Details
If a player tests positive for a Drug of Abuse he will be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA. A player will also be dismissed if they plead guilty or no contest to a crime involving the use or possession of a Drug of Abuse.

Players who test positive for SPEDs will be subject to the following penalties. A player will also be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA if he is convicted of, or pleads guilty to a crime involving the use or possession of a SPED Players who test positive for Marijuana will be subject to the following penalties. Players who test positive for Diuretics will be subject to the following penalties:
 * 1) First violation: Player will be suspended for 10 games and will be subject to entry into the SPEDs Program.
 * 2) Second violation: Player will be suspended for 25 games and re-entry into SPEDs program
 * 3) Third violation: Player will be suspended for one year and re-entry into SPEDs program
 * 4) Fourth violation: Player will be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA
 * 1) First Violation: Player will be required to enter the Marijuana Program
 * 2) Second Violation: Player will be subject to a $25,000 fine and re-entry into the Marijuana Program
 * 3) Third Violation: Player will be suspended for five games and re-entry into the Marijuana Program.
 * 4) Fourth or Subsequent Violations: Player will be suspended for five games longer than the player’s immediately preceding suspension.
 * 1) If a player tests positive during random testing he will be subject to the same penalties that are implemented for a positive test result for SPEDs.
 * 2) If a player tests positive during Reasonable Cause Testing, he will be subject to the penalties for a positive test for the prohibited substance for which the authorization for reasonable cause testing was      issued.

Agencies that perform tests
All drug tests are analyzed by certified laboratories selected by the NBA and approved by the Medical Director.

=See also= Doping in Sport

Doping in the United States

Doping in Baseball

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)

=References=