User:IngridHavron/sandbox

= Tannase = (Lead Section)


 * Explain what tannase is in a common sense. This includes basic info like:
 * Its purpose/what it's known for
 * Tannase is an enzyme found in tannins and has a molecular weight in the range of 50-320 kDa
 * Current info: Tannase is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins and ellagicitannis, two types of hydrolysable tannins
 * specifically, tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins to release glucose and gallic or ellagic acid
 * Gallic acid is important for human use as its used in the pharmaceutical industry as it's needed to create trimethoprim, an antibacterial drug.
 * Current info: This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. This systematic name of this enzyme class is tannin acylhydrolase. Other names in common use incluse tannase S, and tannin actetylhyrolase.
 * tannase has many human applications and can be used in the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and chemical industry. Specifically, its used to make food and drinks taste better either by removing turbidity from juices or wines, or removing the bitter taste of tannins in some food and drinks, such as acorn wine.
 * Additionally, because tannase can break ester bonds of glucose with various acids (chebulinic, gallic, and hexahydrophenic), it can be used in the process of fruit ripening.
 * EC Number
 * It's EC number is 3.1.1.20

Mechanism

 * Include full description of enzyme reaction pathway
 * Current info: In enzymology, tannase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction digallate + H2O -> 2 gallate. Thus, the two substrate of this enzyme are digallate and H2O, whereas its product is gallate.
 * Current info: In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the central ester bond between the two aromatic rings of digallate, tannase may also have an esterase activity (hydrolysis of terminal ester functional groups that are attached to only one of the two aromatic rings)
 * Digallate is the conjugate base of digallic acid, but are often used synonymously. Similarly, gallate and gallic acid are used synonymously. Both digallic and gallic acid are organic acids that are seen in gallotannins and are usually esterfied to a glucose molecule.
 * In other words, tannins (which contain digallate/digallic acid) are the natural substrate of tannase. When tannins, specifically gallotannins, are broken down by tannase through the hydrolysis of ester bonds, gallic acid and glucose are formed.

Structure

 * Crystal structures of tannase vary slightly depending on the strain being observed, in this case we are looking at the tannase SN35N strain produced in Lactobacillus plantarum
 * Tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum has 489 amino acid residues.
 * Domains:
 * Tannase has two domains called the the α/β-hydrolase domain and the lid domain. The α/β-hydrolase consists of residues 4-204 and 396-469, and is composed of two nine-stranded β-sheets surrounded by four α-helices on one side and two α-helices on the other side. Conversely, the lid domain consists of residues 205 - 395 and is composed of seven α-helices and two β-sheets.
 * Description of known active sites:
 * Tannase's crystal structure shows there is a tunnel formed by two opposing domains that can fit the various substrates needed for tannase to hydrolyze.
 * There is one known active site in tannase found in SN35N strain. This active site is referred to as the Ser163 active site and is located in the α/β-hydrolase domain. In this active site Ser163, Asp419, and His451 residues form a catalytic triad.  If any one of these residues are mutated in the catalytic triad, tannase activity will nearly always stop.
 * One way in which the structure of tannase is tied with it's function involves a loop structure, called the flap. The flap connects β8 and β9 and is located under the catalytic triad. As a result of weak electron densities, this structure is very flexible. Due to its flexibility, the flap is better able to guide the substrate in entering the enzyme and helps to strengthen the overall binding of the complex by forming additional interactions with other parts of the substrate.

Function

 * How this enzyme functions in the cell
 * Tannase functions differently in the cell depending on the organism being observed. In many plants, tannase is used to produce tannins, which are found in leaves, wood, and bark. The production of tannins in plants is essential for defense against herbivory, as they cause a strong unpalatable flavor. Tannins are considered secondary metabolites in plants. Therefore, their production by tannase plays no direct role in plant metabolism.
 * On the other hand, tannase serves a different purpose in many microorganisms. In the cell, tannase is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins. This is important, because some microorganisms use tannase to breakdown hydrolysable tannins, such as gallotannins, to form glucose and gallic acid. These byproducts are created from the hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus of the tannin followed by ring cleavage. Glucose and gallic acid can then be readily converted to metabolites (i.e. pyruvate, succinate, and acetyl coenzyme A) that can be used in the Krebs cycle. Specific microorganisms that utilize tannase in this way include Pseudomonas species.

Species Distribution

 * Organisms in which this enzyme is found (potentially using just one of these organisms to describe structure/function since the enzyme may be widely distributed and divergent)
 * Current info: It is present in a diverse group of microorganisms, including rumen bacteria
 * Many bacterial species have been found produce tannase by being isolated from different types of media such as soil, wastewater, compost, forest litter, feces, beverages, pickles, etc.
 * Bacteria species with tannase activity have been found in the genuses: Achromobacter, Atopobium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gluconoacetobacter, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Lonepinella, Methanobrevibacter, Microbacterium, Oenococcus, Pantoea, Pediococcus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Selenomonas, and Serratia.
 * Fungal species that are dominant in producing tannase are Aspergilli species