User:Irtapil/Letter Construction

= small tables =

Urdu Letter Construction
The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols".

Skeleton characters that do not appear in the alphabet are "DOTLESS BEH" U+066E, "DOTLESS QAF" U+066F, and "DOTLESS FEH" U+06A1. These are not used in Urdu but we're used historically in [rasm | very early] versions of Arabic writing.

The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U+0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.

Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي ]]|undefined always has 2 dots below.

The short vowel diacritics (see below) are usually omitted in Urdu writing, but hamza and madda  are usually included.

Nūn Ghūnna in the middle of a word is often an omitted diacritic.

Arabic, Farsi, and Urdu Letter Construction
The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only, in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used. The characters used to illustrate the consonant diacritics are from Unicode set "Arabic pedagogical symbols".

Skeleton characters that do not appear in the alphabet are "Dotless Beh" U+066E, "Dotless Qaf" U+066F, and "Dotless Feh" U+06A1. These are not used in Urdu but we're used historically in [rasm | very early] versions of Arabic writing.

The "Arabic Tatweel Modifier Letter" U+0640 character used to show the positional forms doesn't work in some Nastaliq fonts.

Urdu Choti Yē has 2 dots below in the initial and middle positions only. The standard Arabic version ي يـ ـيـ ـي always has 2 dots below.

The short vowel diacritics (see below) are usually omitted in Urdu writing, but hamza and madda  are usually included.

Nūn Ghūnna in the middle of a word is often an omitted diacritic.

= massive table = for master version see Arabic Script

Letter construction
Most languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet use the same base shapes. Most additional letters in languages that use alphabets based on the Arabic alphabet are built by adding (or removing) diacritics to existing Arabic letters.

Some stylistic variants in Arabic have distinct meanings in other languages. For example, variant forms of kāf ك ک ڪ are used in some languages and sometimes have specific usages. In Urdu and some neighbouring languages the letter Hā has diverged into two forms ھ dō-čašmī hē and ہ ہـ ـہـ ـہ gōl hē. while a variant form of ي yā referred to as baṛī yē ے is used at the end of some words.

abbreviations used below
A = The letter is used for most languages and dialects with writing systems based on Arabic.

MSA = Letters used in Modern Standard Arabic.

CA = Letters used in Classical Arabic.

AD = Letters is used in some regional Arabic Dialects.

"Arabic" = Letters used in Classical Arabic, Modern Standard Arabic, and most regional dialects.

"Farsi" = Letters used in modern Persian.

FW = Foreign words: the letter is sometimes used to spell foreign words.

SV = Stylistic variant: the letter is used interchangeably with at least one other lletter depending on the calligraphic style.

AW = Arabic words: the letter is used in additional languages to spell Arabic words.

 bibsi.
 * – used to represent the equivalent of the Latin letter Ƴ (palatalized glottal stop ) in some African languages such as Fulfulde.
 * – represents an aspirated voiced bilabial plosive in Sindhi.
 * – Ṭhē, represents the aspirated voiceless retroflex plosive in Sindhi.
 * – ṭē, used to represent the phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – Ṭe, used to represent the phoneme (a voiceless retroflex plosive ) in Sindhi
 * – Ṭe, used to represent Ṭ (a voiceless retroflex plosive ) in Punjabi, Urdu.
 * – Teheh, used in Sindhi and Rajasthani (when written in Sindhi alphabet); used to represent the phoneme (pinyin q) in Chinese Xiao'erjing.
 * – represents the "ц" voiceless dental affricate phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – represents the "ћ" voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate  phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – Che, used to represent ("ch"). It is used in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Urdu and Kurdish.  in Egypt.
 * – Ce, used to represent the phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – represents the "ђ" voiced alveolo-palatal affricate phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – źim, used to represent the phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – used in Saraiki to represent a Voiced alveolar implosive.
 * – used in Saraiki to represent a voiced retroflex implosive.
 * – Ḍal, used to represent a Ḍ (a voiced retroflex plosive ) in Punjabi and Urdu.
 * – Dhal used to represent the phoneme in Sindhi
 * – Ḍal, used to represent the phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – Ṛe, represents a retroflex flap in Punjabi and Urdu.
 * – "ṛe" represents a retroflex lateral flap in Pashto.
 * – used in Ormuri to represent a voiced alveolo-palatal fricative, as well as in Torwali.
 * – Že/zhe, used to represent the voiced postalveolar fricative in, Persian, Pashto, Kurdish, Urdu, Punjabi and Uyghur.
 * – ǵe / ẓ̌e, used to represent the phoneme   in  Pashto.
 * – used in Kurdish to represent rr in Soranî dialect.
 * – used in Kalami to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative, and in Ormuri to represent a voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/.
 * – used in Shina to represent a voiceless retroflex fricative.
 * – x̌īn /ṣ̌īn, used to represent the phoneme   in  Pashto.
 * — used to represent Spanish words with in Morocco.
 * – Ga, used to represent the voiced velar plosive in Algerian and Tunisian.
 * – Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive in Persian, Pashto, Punjabi, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Kurdish, Uyghur, Mesopotamian, Urdu and Ottoman Turkish.
 * – Gaf, used to represent the phoneme in  Pashto.
 * or – Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive  in the Jawi script of Malay.
 * – Gaf, represents a voiced velar plosive in the Pegon script of Indonesian.
 * – Ng, used to represent the phone in Ottoman Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uyghur, and to represent the  in Morocco and in many dialects of Algerian.
 * – Ee, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
 * – E, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
 * – Ii, used to represent the phoneme in Somali and Saraiki.
 * – O, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
 * – Pasta Ye, used to represent the phoneme in Pashto and Uyghur.
 * – Nārīna Ye, used to represent the phoneme [ɑj] and phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – x̌əźīna ye Ye, used to represent the phoneme [əi] in Pashto.
 * – FāiliyaYe, used to represent the phoneme [əi] and in Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki and Urdu
 * – Oo, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
 * – Uu, used to represent the phoneme in Somali.
 * – represents a voiced velar implosive in Sindhi and Saraiki
 * – represents the Velar nasal phoneme in Sindhi.
 * – Khē, represents in Sindhi.
 * ݣ – used to represent the phoneme  (pinyin ng) in  Chinese.
 * – represents the retroflex nasal phoneme in  Pashto.
 * – represents the retroflex nasal phoneme in Sindhi.
 * – used in Punjabi to represent and Saraiki to represent.
 * – Nya in the Jawi script.
 * – Nya in the Pegon script.
 * – Nga in the Jawi script and Pegon script and Gain   in Khowar alphabet.
 * – used in Kurdish to represent ll in Soranî dialect.
 * – used in Marwari to represent a retroflex lateral flap, and in Kalami to represent a voiceless lateral fricative.

-->
 * – Vi, used in Algerian and Tunisian when written in Arabic script to represent the sound.
 * – Ve, used in by some Arabic speakers to represent the phoneme /v/ in loanwords, and in the Kurdish language when written in Arabic script to represent the sound . Also used as pa  in the Jawi script and Pegon script.
 * – Va in the Jawi script.
 * – represents a voiced labiodental fricative in Kyrgyz, Uyghur, and Old Tatar; and   in Kazakh; also formerly used in Nogai.
 * – represents "O" in Kurdish, and in Uyghur it represents the sound similar to the French eu andœu  sound. It represents the "у" close back rounded vowel  phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – represents Ê or É in Kurdish.
 *  – Do-chashmi he (two-eyed hāʼ), used in digraphs for aspiration and breathy voice  in Punjabi and Urdu.
 * – Baṛī ye ('big yāʼ'), represents "ai" or "e" in Urdu, and Punjabi.
 * ڞ – used to represent the phoneme  (pinyin c) in Chinese.
 * ط – used to represent the phoneme   (pinyin z) in Chinese.
 * – represents the "o" open-mid back rounded vowel phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – represents the "њ" palatal nasal phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – represents the "љ" palatal lateral approximant phoneme in Bosnian.
 * – represents the "и" close front unrounded vowel phoneme in Bosnian.

end

 * }
 * }

refs and references

 * U+065C, ــ&#1628;ـــ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment
<!-- Burushaski#Writing system

Burushaski is a predominantly spoken rather than written language. Occasionally the Urdu alphabet is used,, and there are some specific characters in unicode , but no fixed orthography exists. Adu Wazir Shafi wrote a book Burushaski Razon using a Latin script.

Tibetan sources record a Bru-śa language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski, whose script was one of five scripts used to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language. Although Burushaski may once have been a significant literary language, no Bru-śa manuscripts are known to have survived.

Linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications.

-->

refs and references

 * U+065C, ــ&#1628;ـــ ARABIC VOWEL SIGN DOT BELOW

notes from Burushaski page - in a comment
<!-- Burushaski#Writing system

Burushaski is a predominantly spoken rather than written language. Occasionally the Urdu alphabet is used, and there are some specific characters in unicode, but no fixed orthography exists. Adu Wazir Shafi wrote a book Burushaski Razon using a Latin script.

Tibetan sources record a Bru-śa language of the Gilgit valley, which appears to have been Burushaski, whose script was one of five scripts used to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language. Although Burushaski may once have been a significant literary language, no Bru-śa manuscripts are known to have survived.

Linguists working on Burushaski use various makeshift transcriptions based on the Latin alphabet, most commonly that by Berger (see below), in their publications.

-->

== x
==