User:Isaporo/Buck moth

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The species Hemileuca maia (also known as the Buck moth), is native to the Eastern United States stretching all the way from Maine to Florida. Although these moths prefer to live in large oak forests, the effects of deforestation has pushed the Buck months to inhabit oak trees located in more urban areas. These moths live predominately in various oak plants and also feed on these plants as their main food source. These moths are typically dark gray to black with a white band placed horizontally on each wing. Adult males tend to be smaller than the females with both sexes having three body segments. The caterpillars (larva Buck moth) range from black to pale brown in color with a noticeable characteristic of spines which contain toxic glands. Hemileuca maia will undergo six instar stages before they will pupate for up to two years before they emerge as adult moths and reproduce for the next generation. The caterpillars are most active during the summer months, in which the cases of Buck moth caterpillar injuries increase as they mistake humans for their predators. Hemileuca maia have many different behaviors that are unique to their species like the placement of their eggs and the female use of pheromones to attract males. . Overall, the Hemileuca maia have just a few predators of which are typically larger mammals or insects. However, a virus called Nuclear Polyhedrosis has been found to kill Buck moths by causing the breakdown of the moth's entire body.

Appearance and Morphology
Mature Hemileuca maia are characterized by having a dark gray to almost black coloring with a noticeable white band that forms across each wing and a very unique eyespot on the band. Adult moths have a wingspan of about 2 to 3 inches with a body size of about 6 cm in length however, males tend to be smaller than the females in the species. Both male and females have three body segments: the head, thorax and abdomen. However, in females all three segments are black whereas the male body segment is all black except for the abdomen which is a rusty red color thereby distinguishing them from the females. All buck moths have black legs with these small red cuffs around the top of the leg that is attached to the body segment.

Young Buck month caterpillars are completely black in color with the spiracles (these are small holes that act as an opening to their respiratory system) appearing as pale brown color with a black edge. On the other hand, the more adult/older caterpillars appear a lot lighter than the youth with some even looking to be white in appearance. The most prevalent feature on the Hemileuca maia caterpillars are the spines which they use as a defense mechanism against potential predators or in dangerous situations. These spines are located everywhere on both old and young caterpillars however, the spines that are on the top of the caterpillar are longer, more abundant and organized in specific rows. Fully grown caterpillars can reach a length of 2.5 inches and will use their small legs to move down to the ground where they will prepare to undergo metamorphosis into the adult Buck moth.

Life Cycle
Adult Hemileuca maia will go through one generation a year that starts in the fall (typically October-Novemner) when adult male moths will fly and mate with a female. Typically males of the species are stronger fliers as it is their sole responsbility to find a female to mate with. The females will lay about 150 eggs per generation and will deposit them on a host branch in a tight-knit ring. These eggs will then overwinter which means they will spend the entire winter season as an egg until spring time when conditions are favorable for them to emerge. Hemilecua maia will hatch as larvae in a group starting in early may once new plant growth starts to appear. These larvae will undergo six instar stages which are stages in which the larvae will molt and shed excess materials as the mature caterpillars prepare to chrysalis, becoming increasingly independent through each stage.

Once the caterpillars (adult larva) reach their end instar stage they will chrysalis either in forest floor debris or by weeving a cocoon however the latter is more uncommon. These Buck moths can chrysalis for up to two years as they wait to emerge into an adult moth. Once they emerge their only purpose is to find a mate and reproduce for the next generation which is further evident by their lack of mouthparts as adults rendering them unable to feed. The life cycle will then commence for the next generation.

Habitat
Buck month's are found to be the most abundant in habitats that contain large oak forests whether that be in the more northern parts of the Eastern United States or as far south as the gulf of Florida. Some Buck moths have been found as far west as Wisconsin and Texas but predominately they are found on the east coast. This moth species prefers to live in flourishing oak forests rather than the ever increasing fragmented forests seen in the northeastern portions of the country. Since the Buck moth habitat centers around oak forests, this species is at an increased risk of habitat loss due to the effects of deforestation and the use of fire suppression methods that often employ chemicals and preventative burning techniques. Due to the effects of deforestation on the Buck moths, their habitats have moved to more unusual locations like urban cities as the months search for new oak trees to call home.

Buck Moth's rely heavily on their habitat especially when it comes to their reproduction as the female moths use the twig branches of the oak tree to lay and store their eggs until they hatch. In their more northern locations, Buck months reside in a specific type of oak known as scrub oak which is a high value food source of their caterpillar form. These moth's are found to be the most active in their habitats during the summertime months but will become active during warm periods in the fall months as the females find a mating partner. Buck months not only use oaks as a place to live but this plant also serves as the main food source of this month as they enjoy eating oak species such as scrub oak, blackjack oak and chestnut oak.

Behavior
The Hemileuca maia are typically the most active during the day when they focus heavily on the reproduction of the next generation of Buck Moths. As adults, Buck moths do not have mouthparts for feeding and therefore their focus is mostly on mating and laying eggs and so their behavior centers around their reproduction needs. The males are known to fly in a very erratic and rapid manner as they soar approximately 3 ft above ground when compared to the females in their species. Males will fly throughout the day with very few to no breaks as they search for a mating partner. One reason for the unusual flying behavior of the male Buck month can be traced to the usage of pheromones by the females as a tool to attract a future mating partner.

During the early afternoon, virgin female Buck moths will begin to release a small amount of sex pheromones which at the moment of their release, causes the male Buck moths to act very erratically. At closer glance, the components of the sex pheromones were studied to identify their chemical makeup and what exactly was responsible for attracting the male moths. The major chemical component of the female pheromone is E10, Z12 hexadecadienyl acetate while there are a variety of minor components that are used by the females like E10,Z12 hexadecanol. It is important to note that in order for the pheromone to be effective at attracting a mate there must be at least one minor component involved in the pheromone or else the chemical attraction is rendered useless. Females who had already gone through reproduction were found to not produce strong enough pheromones to attract males and the males that were found to fly near these females did so in a non-erratic manner.

The female Hemileuca maia's will lay their eggs in a unique spiral like manner with the larval eggs being closely bound together on the grass floor. Once hatched, the larva will feed in a social cluster until they reach their instar larval phase at which point they will detach from the other larvae and feed independently. Interestingly enough, once the Buck moth's hatch from their eggs they experience a marching like behavior as they choose to follow one leader in the group in a straight line. Research has shown that when the buck month leader gets removed from the group the rest of the moth's become confused and restless waiting for their chosen leader to return, but if the leader does not return the moth's will choose a new one.

In urban settings, Buck moth's garner much attention during outbreaks as larval Hemileuca maia have a strong stinging ability thats results in unpleasant wound on the affected skin. The spines of the larval Buck moth are lined on the sides of their body with small toxic glands that hold the venom. In it's larval stage, Buck moths are known to pose a serious health risks to the human population as these spines can easily break off their bodies when aggressively handled or brushed against, thereby injecting venom into the skin of the human. This can lead to an intense burning of the skin with large red welts and even causing anaphylactic shock in certain individuals. There is an increasing number of patients each season that get stung by these larval moth's with many patients seeing medical providers for dermatitis, which is a swelling and inflammation of the skin. The increased prevalence of these reported stings is an additional effect caused by the movement of Buck month's to more urban locations due to the deforestation occurring in their normal habitats.

Predators
The Hemileuca maia species has a few various predators ranging from vertebrate and invertebrates to parasitoids. Parasitoids like L. fulvipes and C. concinnata are known to be predators of instar larval both in early and late stages of the moth development. Predominantly larger animals like mammals and big insects are found to be the most common predator for the Buck moth as well as birds since the small moth larvae are an easy to catch prey. Since most predators target the larval forms of the Buck moth it can cause steep decline in the species as the larval forms do not make into adulthood to reproduce.

Perhaps a more unusual predator for the Hemileuca maia is a virus called Nuclear Polyhedrosis. The virus kills the Buck moth by embedding itself in the epidermis layer, fat or tracheal matrix of the moth causing a whole host of symptoms before they moth reaches an untimely death. The virus is known to cause the breakdown of the month's body as well as vomiting and diarrhea. Research has shown that the virus effects smaller body sizes so as the larva increases in size they become less susceptible to the virus. The use of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis virus is being looked at for species control of the Hemileuca maia especially when outbreaks occur in more urban areas where humans could be affected by the stinging capability of the moth's.