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= Depression and Memory = Memory impairment can be caused by several progressive disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer’s disease or traumatic brain injuries. However, another condition that causes memory impairment is depression. The majority of people who show depressive symptoms have a problem with working memory due to depression disturbing the mind and processing systems. Depression can cause disinterest in awareness of surrounding stimuli, disturb the mind and emotions, and interrupt concentration.

Depression and Working Memory
Major Depression disorder (MDD) can decrease the levels of working memory performance, especially in obtaining new information, due to increasing interference of negative material. Furthermore, working memory in people with depression gets the effect of allocation of attention. Those with depression often have impairments on measures of the phonological loop (or articulatory loop) as well as the visuospatial sketchpad during given tasks.

Depression and Recall Memory
People with depression may show deficits in recall memory. Their recall and retrieval of words, in comparison to those who do not have depression, is lower during a test. Moreover, during the task, the depression group complained at different points for various things, such as forgetfulness, difficulty in finding words, and others which relate to motivational differences in continuing to the task. Research shows that depressed people have worsened mood when they are encouraged to recall happy memories because depression affects mood regulation. Also, this affect is the same for former depressed people when they recall happy memories. Studies also shows that people with depression couldn’t identify objects that were identical or similar to an object they had seen previously on the screen during the test.

Depression and Recognition Memory
Recognition memory in depressive people shows slower speeds caused by effect with deficits in decision and motor output processes and low efficiency in encoding to memory. The cause in the depressive group that affects recognition impairment is from dysphoric mood (for example; sadness, heaviness or mood swings) in visual processing to an extent for encoding, elaboration, and retention of information in a visual form which affect to recognition memory impairment.

Depression and Neurotransmitter
One of the smallest parts that has an effect on the brain system in depressed people is the neurotransmitter system. Depressive people show impairment and implications in Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) system. GABA works as inhibition neurotransmitter in the brain. Depression has an association with a decrease in GABAergic function. This might cause lower plasma GABA in depress patients from genetic factor especially on first-degree relatives in family. In depressed people, there is a significant decrease in hippocampus volume which is normally rich in GABAergic neurons. Lower GABAergic neurons will affect storage and aversive memories in the hippocampus. The solution to decrease in low GABA in depression is Antidepression (AD); a drug that will manipulate and tend to increase and may help to block recurrent negative memories that cause depression.

Depression and Hippocampus
The hippocampus acts as the main row for cognitive processes, information processed, and underlying neural operations and is also essential for producing new memories. Memory interference occurs when depressive people are unable to fully encode or store new information due to past negative memories or thoughts which is a cause from dysfunction of the hippocampus. Most degenerative diseases that included depression show other parts of the cortex in the brain with dysfunction, but the first area to be affected from depression is the hippocampus. In patients with MDD compare with a non-depressive patient the subfield CA1 area in hippocampus show emerging marker and reduced volume of the hippocampus. It also shows a potential marker of disease progression in MDD.

Depression and Amygdala
Amygdala has a main role in emotion and memory. A depressed patient will show enlargement of left Amygdala which effects impairment of memory in learning facial expression from others especially with surprise, disgust and fear. Amygdala in depressive people also affects recall of negative emotion memory and negative self-referent words about themselves which cause negative bias during encoding memory of valanced words in transient sad mood when compared to nondepressed people.

Children
Everyone might believe that depression only happens in adult or elderly but depression can affect children. Memory impairment in children with depression varies as a function of evident and severity only when depression reaches a certain threshold level. Overestimation of memory ability by depressed children might be an attempt to compensate for feeling of inadequacy, which leads to using poor judgment in choosing solution for problems. Furthermore, the study shows the link between history of maternal depression or other affective disorders and their child which can cause major depressive disorder (MDD) in children. Depression in children affects reduction of connectivity in amygdala and associative network when compared to children who are not depressed. In a recent study, they tested depressed children on the Children’s Auditory Verbal Learning test, Immediate Recall test. Children with high and low depressed levels exhibiting more poorly on the test when compared to nondepressed children.

Adult
An Adult period is one the most effective periods of depression which causes many factors that will combine and trigger depression such as a stressful events, illness or giving birth. Depressed adults may have impairments in verbal memory and attention switching from one to another, but when comparing with a non-depressive adults there are no impairments in speed of psychomotor control, attention routines such as during their working and executive control. Young depressive adults show problems in neurocognitive at different levels when compared to older depressive adults. In early adulthood, unipolar and bipolar depression can be distinguished by poor verbal memory, attention, speed of processing, and executive function.

Elderly
Many researchers show in brain aging can cause memory impairment and depression in the elderly. A common type of depression in an older adult is Late-life depression. Depression in the elderly may associate with other clinical illnesses which relate to dementia and cognitive impairment which is also affects memory impairment. Depressed elderly shows a higher deficit in recall and recognition of episodic memory while recognition memory shows a lower rate of deficit. In elderly patients with depressive symptoms also show impairment in recall and inability to develop better episodic memory function. Moreover, depression in this stage of life gets effected more severely in cognitive and memory symptoms due to comorbid of others such as glucocorticoids chronically increasing in levels which can cause the dentate gyrus to decreases in neurogenesis and cells in hippocampal may get injured or die. The study shows that patients with MDD who take treatment have improvement of cognitive function and processing speed of memory but if they are compared to a non-depressive group, they still show lower lever of capacity of memory.