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'Loewe, Ludwig'
'''* 27.11.1837 Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld), † 11.9.1886 Berlin.

'Loewe, Isidor'
'''* 24.11.1848 Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld), † 28.8.1910 Berlin.

Ludwig Loewe - DWM
Ludwig Loewe and his younger brother Isidor founded the world´s largest machine tool and weapons empire in the years previous to the outbreak of WW1 Loewe´s company, DWM owned or was associated with inter alia the Hungarian Weapons and Machine Manufacturing Co.in Budapest, in Belgium, the Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre (FN) in Herstal and Pieper in Lüttich, and the British Vickers Sons & Maxim Ltd. where the third Loewe brother Sigmund (1854-1904) was Managing Director. Loewe obtained a share majority in Mauser/Oberndorf in 1887 and the metal cartridge manufacturer Maschinenfabrik Lorenz in Karlsruhe was added in 1889. Eventually, DWM encompassed the total German weapons production with the exclusion of Krupp and Thyssen with over 11.000 employees.

Growth of the Company and German Industrialization
In 1896 Loewes consolidated their weapons manufacturing interests in the newly founded holding company, Deutsche Waffen und Munitionsfabriken (DWM) in Berlin. Their father had been a cantor and religious teacher with the Jewish community in the small Thuringian town of Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld). After a commercial apprenticeship, Ludwig came to Berlin in 1858. He started as a wool merchant, dealing on commission. He then changed to repairing and dealing in machinery. In 1869, this led to the foundation of the |Ludwig Loewe & Co.KG (Limited Joint Stock Partnership) with Ludwig Loewe as sole partner. The Company was established in the Berlin District of Neukölln to produce household sewing machines. Realizing that he could not compete with more precisely made and cheaper machines imported from U.S.A., he travelled to the US with his brother Isidor in 1870, leaving his company in the hands of his chief engineer Eduard Barthelmes.

On his return, he started production of a new model, based on Barthelmes design, but manufactured on American precision machinery. The import of American machine tools led to the development and manufacture of lathes, grinders and milling machines and other machine tools.

Together with Barthelmes whose career had begun in the traditional Suhl weapons factories, Loewe began mass production of light weapons on his own precision, high volume machines. After the German victory in the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870, Loewe was able to increase the capital of his company by contracting to manufacture Mauser 71 rifle parts for the Royal Prussian Arsenal in Spandau.

In 1896/98, due to further expansion, the Company moved to new premises in the district of Moabit and the present day neo-gothic, model factory complex was built in 1907-1917 with the help of American engineers. Loewe´s intention was to create optimal working conditions necessary for high precision mass production. Loewe also provided modern housing, health and educational facilities for his employees.

With the French introduction of smokeless nitro-cellulose gunpowder, Bismarck ordered the development of a rifle with a smaller calibre for the new nitro ammunition to be issued to the armed forces of all the German States. The first batch 88 rifle3 was to be manufactured by Loewe, as no other manufacturer was equipped with the necessary precision machine tooling. In 1889, Loewe was commissioned to manufacture 300 000 of the new rifles and deliver complete sets of production machinery to the state arsenals in Danzig, Spandau, Erfurt and Amberg.

Both the new 88 rifle and German nitro-cellulose gunpowder turned out to be deficient and unreliable, leading to a large number of fatal accidents. This resulted in the “Jewish Carbine Affair” (Judenkarabiner Affäre). Hermann Alwart, an extreme nationalist published an anti-Semitic pamphlet accusing Loewe of a Jewish conspiracy against the German Armed Forces. The pamphlet was suppressed with the help of Bismarck and the case was resolved in court where Alwart was convicted of slander.

Ludwig Loewe´s Politics
Even though anti-Semitism, xenophobia and anti-Catholicism were widespread throughout Prussia, Frederic the Great (1712-1786) had established a measure of tolerance based on the principle of the utility of the individual for the aims of the Prussian state (“Religions must be tolerated and regulation must be limited to ensure that no harm is inflicted on others.” The King´s marginal note on the` Immediate Report of the Clerical Department for Catholic Schools and Proselytizing´).

Loewe´s friends and acquaintances included the socialist leader Ferdinand Lasalle and the right wing politician and Bismarck´s friend Walther Rathenau who, as Director for Raw Materials was responsible for organizing the war economy during WW1. Loewe was politically active as a member of the Berlin City Council. In 1877 he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives for the Progressive Party. In 1878 he became a member of the Reichstag. Loewe´s special interest was in education and DWM was instrumental in founding the Berlin Technical University.

After Ludwig´s death in 1886, his brother Isidor was the sole Director of the Company. His experience in banking and finance was central to the rapid expansion of the Company, diversifying into electrical engineering and motor transport.

Post WW1 – the Quandt Group
The German defeat in WW1 and the implementation of Allied restrictions on the production of military weapons left DWN with few alternatives. Small scale production of household goods. IN 1922, DWM was re-named Berlin-Karlsruher Industrie Werke and allproduction in the Moabit factory was terminated and ownership of the Company passed to the Quandt Group. In 1938 members of the Loewe familly were expelled from the boards as part of a plan to minimize Jewish influence on German businesses. A number of family members died in Nazi concentration camps, but some managed to escape to USA. A single claimant was awarded 162,500.00 Swiss Francs restitution by the Claims Resolution Tribunal.

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