User:Iyaunti1/sandbox

Human trafficking was placed on Africa’s national policy agenda between the years of 2000 to 2003 by the South African children’s rights organization Molo Songolo (MS) and the International Organization for Migration (Gould, 183). In 2005, the U.S. Department of State’s office deemed South Africa as a “country of concern”; until recently in 2009 South Africa was listed on the Tier-2 Watch List (Gould,183). Being on the Tier-2 Watchlist indicates that the State Department considers South Africa as a source and destination for victims of human trafficking and there is little being done to alleviate this growing problem (Gould, 183). According to the US Trafficking in Persons Report, 38 African countries were listed on Tier 2 category which indicated some commitment toward eradicating trafficking (Onuoha, 151). As of now, no African country was featured among Tier 1; meaning being fully dedicated to eradicating trafficking altogether. (Onuoha, 151). Although the government has attempted to protect trafficking victims, many obstacles hinder them from receiving full protection and justice in South Africa. (person report). According to Howard Neil, In the past 15 years, trafficking has become an international issue ( Neil, 125). UNICEF estimated nearly 200,000 children have been trafficked each year in West and Central Africa (Adepoju, 77). Traffickers follow a methodical process to make children dependent on them, and it begins with isolating a child putting them through the “seasoning process”’ in which they are brutalized repeatedly to instill fear and submission (O'Connell- Davidson, 2011). Some victims are gang-raped or killed in route to their final destinations for resisting. Children are often trafficked from within their home countries by local traffickers, while in other cases traffickers are foreigners a part of large criminal organizations. For example, Mozambican traffickers are mainly local women working with South African men who transport trafficked victims from Maputo to Johannesburg or Durban (Adepoju, 78)

It is important to break down the misconception that boys are exempt from being trafficked. Boys who are trafficked are placed into voluntary migration and are forced to engage in prostitution as a means of survival (Onoucha, 153). Tourists from Germany, the Netherlands, and the UK use gifts and money to attract young boys and girls under the age of 18 to perform g pornographic sex acts.(Adepoju, 80). These children are later put the films on the Internet and end up as sex slaves to the traffickers or are distributed into the pedophile network (Adepoju, 80).

Prostitution under any circumstances is illegal in South Africa. The 1957 Sexual Offenses Act works to criminalize soliciting prostitutes, brothels, living off the money made during prostitution, and the procurement of women as prostitutes. The purchase of sex was criminalized in 2007 under the Criminal Law (Sexual Offenses and Related Matters) Amendment Act. (Gould, 185). Those in prostitution may be subjected to resale more than Once (Onuoha, 153). Despite the laws and regulations against prostitution implemented by the government victims to continue to be exploited and sold for monetary gains. The motto in the trafficking industry is that women are useful for cheap labor because selling a woman is not a huge loss to society (Tienfenbrun, 2002).

"Rough draft"

Numerous women, young children, and even men are sexually exploited by sex trafficking in Africa. It is one of the most widespread lucrative and exploitative businesses in the world (Tiefenbrun, 2002). It is the world’s fastest-growing business of organized crime and the third-largest criminal enterprise in the nation (Walker-Rodriquez, 2011). The vast majority of sex trafficking is international in “underdeveloped” cities in Africa, Asia, the former Soviet Union, Central, and South America. Human sex exploitation comes in many forms ranging from prostitution, stripping, and pornography. These victims are degraded and taken advantage of which negatively affects them psychologically and physically. Despite the laws and regulations against slavery implemented by the government all over the world, women continue to be sexually exploited and sold in the human sex trafficking industry for profit. The motto in the trafficking industry is that women are useful for cheap labor because selling a woman is not a huge loss to society (Tienfenbrun, 2002). “To the trafficker’s women are expendable, reusable, and resalable cheap commodities that offer a highly desirable service of sex work” (Tiefenbrun, 2002, para.10). These women are subject to mental, emotional, and psychological trauma and many have contracted sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS (Yien, 2008).

The majority of children and young adults involved in the sex trafficking industry have been abandoned and or abused by their families and forced to provide for themselves financially. Other adolescents are recruited through forced abduction and pressure from others already victims in the industry. In some cases, parents establish a deal for their child with traffickers for money (Walker-Rodriquez, 2011). This type of lifestyle is revolved around false promises, violence, and forced drug addictions. Traffickers follow a methodical process to make children dependent on them, and it begins with isolating a child putting them through the “seasoning process”’ in which they are brutalized repeatedly to instill fear and submission (O'Connell- Davidson, 2011). The role of male consumers demand commercial sexual services contributes to the growth of the sex trafficking industry (Yen, 2008). The consumer demand stimulates the industry all over the world. Traffickers commodify human beings to be sold over and over again, the potential gains of the sex trade industry are significant, but the risk for the perpetrators is small (Tienfenbrun, 2002).

*adding to the solution section* Raising public awareness emphasizing prevention methods at a community level, can help to decrease this problem (Mase, 2012). CSA San Diego is an organization based in San Diego County that promotes awareness about human sex trafficking and provides support and services for victims. The Victims Protection Act also addresses the immigration concerns of victims to prevent sex trafficking, to protect the victims, and to prosecute the trafficker (Tienfenbrun, 2002). Victims of severe abuse are eligible for a special T- visa permitting them to stay in the country (Tienfenbrun, 2002). Five thousand T-visas that provide permanent residency status, may be issued annually to those who are willing to assist in the prosecution of their perpetrators that is easier said than done (Tienfenbrun, 2002).
 * good information but not sure what section to add this to*

Sources Arnott, J. (2003). Sex Worker and Education advocacy taskforce: engaging with trafficking in women South Africa an NGO perspective. Canadian Woman Studies, 22(3-4), 188+. GOULD, C. (2014). Sex Trafficking and Prostitution in South Africa. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653, 183-201. Leuchtag, A. (2003). Human right, sex trafficking, and prostitution. The Humanist, 63(1), 10-15. Mace, S., & Venneberg, D. (2012). Human trafficking: Integrating human resource development toward a solution. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 14(3), 333-344. O'Connell Davidson, J. (2011). Moving children child trafficking, child migration, and child rights. Critical Social Policy, 31(3), 454-477. Omorodion, F. (2009). Vulnerability of Nigerian Secondary School to Human Sex Trafficking in Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine De La Santé Reproductive, 13(2), 33-48. Tiefenbrun, S. (2002). Sex sells but drugs don't talk: Trafficking of women sex workers and an economic solution. Thomas Jefferson Law Review, 24(2), 161. Yen, I. (2008). Of vice and men: A new approach to eradicating sex trafficking by reducing male demand through educational programs and abolitionist legislation. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology [H.W. Wilson - SSA], 98(2), 653.

Bibliography

Arnott, J. (2003). Sex Worker and Education advocacy taskforce: engaging with trafficking in women in South

Africa an NGO perspective. Canadian Woman Studies, 22(3-4), 188+. Retrieved from

http://link.galegroup.com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/apps/doc/A111401798/AONE?u=san96005

&sid=AONE&xid=78a39b40

This article highlights a non profit organization, Sex Worker Education and Advocacy Taskforce (SWEAT) that was created in 1994 to combat human and health issues associated with sex trafficking in South Africa. Secondly, it explains laws such as the Sexual Offenses Act of 1957 and the implications it has for women. This will be helpful to develop the section on africa in the wikipedia article.

GOULD, C. (2014). Sex Trafficking and Prostitution in South Africa. The Annals of the

American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653, 183-201. Retrieved from

http://www.jstor.org.libproxy.sdsu.edu/stable/24541781

This article is about a case study in Cape Town that examines the amount of individuals involved in sex work that were actually forced into that position due to human trafficking. Areas in Africa are the main place for trafficking to occur, as a result it has been considered national issue.

Omorodion, F. (2009). Vulnerability of Nigerian Secondary School to Human Sex Trafficking in

Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine De La Santé

Reproductive, 13(2), 33-48.

This article examines the impact of sex trafficking, such as the increased rates of HIV/AIDS, unemployment, and poverty. I plan on using concepts presented in this article to illustrate what is being done in Africa to deal with this issue. I want to explain how people are being forced into sex trafficking and provide some of the organizations that are helping without providing my opinion to the wiki page.

For this assignment I choose to add an citation to the existing women and the environment page. After reading over the article I thought it would be helpful to add some information from our textbook to make this topic a little easier to grasp for the reader. Although we have not learned a whole lot of definitions just yet. I thought it would be helpful to add in information about the term Women in development since we spent a few lectures discussing the concept.

I added a citation and definition of the term WID to the Women, environment and development debate section. I created a citation from our textbook “Gender, Development and Globalization: Economics as if all people mattered” by Lourdes Beneria in the reference section below. I only added one definition but after completing one citation from this text. I found a few other ones that I can add to this article to make it a bit stronger. Lastly, I found citation, number 3 that I was not sure should have been cited due to the lack of information and credibility due to it being taken nearly word for word from a website with little to no information.I have selected and assigned myself to the Women and the environment article, for the wikipedia project. I am extremely passionate about finding ways to dismantle systems of oppression rooted in Afrocentricity and intersectionality; I attempt to tie all of my work and projects in school to that. However, there was not an article that explicitly had concepts related to this course and my interest. So I decided that the women and environment article would be best to add up to date content to. This article needs work done on sections like Women, environment and development (WED) debate. But, I will still have the ability to embedded elements of my interest into the farming and agriculture section about different groups of women.

There are no conversations going on in the talk section of the women and environment page. So first thing I will do is re review the page for tone, plagiarism and citation issues. Secondly, I will re-read the article in its entirety to get an idea of what the person who drafted was trying to convey to the reader. Thirdly, I hope to improve some of the sections that have concepts that were hard for me to grasp by making them more clear and concise. Lastly, I will add some notes and my thought process to the talk page so the next editor will be able to continue building and making this article dense material more accessible to all readers.