User:Jähmefyysikko/finn

The Uralic peoples or the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic peoples are the nations who speak Uralic languages. The three largest ethnic groups that speak Uralic languages are the Hungarians, Finns and Estonians, in the nation states of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively. The Indigenous Sámi people live in the Sápmi area, which consists of the northern parts of the Fennoscandian Peninsula. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples in the titular autonomous republics within Russia. These are the Mordvins in the federal Mordovian Republic, the Karelians in Republic of Karelia, Komi in Komi Republic, Udmurts in Udmurt Republic, and Mari in Mari El Republic. The Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug was set up for the Khanty and Mansi of Russia. The Komi-Permyaks live in the Komi-Permyak Okrug. There are also other Uralic minorities.


 * language
 * early history
 * modern history: kinship here, political consequences
 * projections
 * genetics (or lack of)
 * cultures, religions

Some of the Uralic peoples associate less strongly with the kinship ideology. In particular, the Saami have instead emphasised their connection with the other Arctic peoples, and there have been some movements in Hundary which have denied even the existence of the linguistic connection.

Ethnic groups with extinct languages

 * Merya people
 * Meshchera people
 * Muromian people
 * Zavoloshka Chudes
 * Volkhov Chudes

International Finno-Ugric societies
In the Finno-Ugric countries of Finland, Estonia and Hungary that find themselves surrounded by speakers of unrelated tongues, language origins and language history have long been relevant to national identity. In 1992, the 1st World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples was organized in Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic in Russia, the 2nd World Congress in 1996 in Budapest in Hungary, the 3rd Congress in 2000 in Helsinki in Finland, the 4th Congress in 2004 in Tallinn in Estonia, the 5th Congress in 2008 in Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia, the 6th Congress in 2012 in Siófok in Hungary,  , the 7th Congress in 2016 in Lahti in Finland, and the 8th Congress in 2021 in Tartu in Estonia. The members of the Finno-Ugric Peoples' Consultative Committee include: the Erzyas, Estonians, Finns, Hungarians, Ingrian Finns, Ingrians, Karelians, Khants, Komis, Mansis, Maris, Mokshas, Nenetses, Permian Komis, Saamis, Tver Karelians, Udmurts, Vepsians; Observers: Livonians, Setos.

In 2007, the 1st Festival of the Finno-Ugric Peoples was hosted by President Vladimir Putin of Russia, and visited by Finnish President, Tarja Halonen, and Hungarian Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurcsány.

Beliefs
Shamanism has had a historically important influence on the mythologies of northern and central Eurasian peoples, including those speaking languages of the Uralic, Yeniseian, Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic language families. Among the Finno-Ugric peoples, though also in Indo-European and North American mythology, are found myths about a world tree or axis mundi, capped by the North Star, at the center of the world, which is encircled by a stream, the idea that asterisms were animal spirits, the idea that the land of the dead beneath the earth was also the home of spirits, and the earth-diver: a bird floating on the primary ocean that dives to bring up the land.

Population genetics
The linguistic reconstruction of the Finno-Ugric language family has led to the postulation that the ancient Proto-Finno-Ugric people were ethnically related, and that even the modern Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples are ethnically related. Such hypotheses are based on the assumption that heredity can be traced through linguistic relatedness, although it must be kept in mind that language shift and ethnic admixture, a relatively frequent and common occurrence both in recorded history and most likely also in prehistory, confuses the picture and there is no straightforward relationship, if at all, between linguistic and genetic affiliation. Still, the premise that the speakers of the ancient proto-language were ethnically homogeneous is generally accepted.

Modern genetic studies have shown that the Y-chromosome haplogroup N3, and sometimes N2, is almost specific though certainly not restricted to Uralic- or Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, especially as high frequency or primary paternal haplogroup. These haplogroups branched from haplogroup N, which probably spread north, then west and east from Northern China about 12,000–14,000 years before present from father haplogroup NO (haplogroup O being the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup in Southeast Asia).

A study of the Finno-Ugric-speaking peoples of northern Eurasia (i.e., excluding the Hungarians), carried out between 2002 and 2008 in the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Helsinki, showed that the Finno-Ugric-speaking populations do not retain genetic evidence of a common founder. Most possess an amalgamation of West and East Eurasian gene pools that may have been present in central Asia, with subsequent genetic drift and recurrent founder effects among speakers of various branches of Finno-Ugric. Not all branches show evidence of a single founder effect. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations were found to be genetically a heterogeneous group showing lower haplotype diversities compared to more southern populations. North Eurasian Finno-Ugric-speaking populations possess unique genetic features due to complex genetic changes shaped by molecular and population genetics and adaptation to the areas of Boreal and Arctic North Eurasia.

Archaeology

 * Ananyino culture
 * Comb Ceramic culture
 * Dyakovo culture

Pre-20th Century History

 * Ed. Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 496-497. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.
 * https://archive.org/details/emergenceofrus750000fran
 * Brown, P. B. (2023). The Seventeenth-Century Uralic Peoples and Language Processes: What Anthroponymy, Law, Cadaster Data, Government Bodies, and Physical Regime Can Tell Us. Canadian-American Slavic Studies, 58(1-2), 67-105. https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.30965/22102396-05801006
 * The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, Vols. 1&2
 * The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)
 * https://blogs.helsinki.fi/slavica-helsingiensia/slavica-helsingiensia-27/ (Slavicization of the Russian North)

Minorities / endangered languages

 * Lallukka, Seppo 1990: The East Finnic minorities in the Soviet Union. An Appraisal of the Erosive Trends. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae B 252.
 * Saarinen, Sirkka 2008: Venäjän suomalais-ugrilaiset kansat Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen [Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union] AURAICA. Scripta a Societate Porthan edita, (1), 101–106.
 * Resolution 1171 (1998) Endangered uralic minority cultures
 * Recommendation 1775 (2006) Situation of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, Parliamentary Assembly and a Reply from the Committee of Ministers (2007)
 * Saarinen, Sirkka 2008: Venäjän suomalais-ugrilaiset kansat Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen jälkeen [Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union] AURAICA. Scripta a Societate Porthan edita, (1), 101–106.
 * Resolution 1171 (1998) Endangered uralic minority cultures
 * Recommendation 1775 (2006) Situation of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, Parliamentary Assembly and a Reply from the Committee of Ministers (2007)
 * Recommendation 1775 (2006) Situation of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, Parliamentary Assembly and a Reply from the Committee of Ministers (2007)
 * Recommendation 1775 (2006) Situation of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples, Parliamentary Assembly and a Reply from the Committee of Ministers (2007)

Finno-Ugric movement

 * https://portaal.eki.ee//hoimurahvasteprogramm.html
 * Gulya, János (ed.) Konfrontation und Identifikation: Die finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen und Völker im europäischen Kontext, Harrassowitz 2002
 * For context:
 * Distorted mirror:
 * Roht, Eva-Liisa (2010). Soomeugrilased ja samojeedid eesti meedias. Soome-ugri identiteedi kuvand ja põlisrahvaste õigused. Tupits, Ave; Labi, Kanni (Toim.). Vahetatud laps. (103−118).  Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum. (Pro Folkloristica; XV).
 * https://fennougria.ee/en/tonu-seilenthal-on-cooperation-with-the-finno-ugric-peoples-of-russia/
 * https://keeljakirjandus.ee/ee/archives/25231
 * https://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/12246
 * Gulya, János (ed.) Konfrontation und Identifikation: Die finnisch-ugrischen Sprachen und Völker im europäischen Kontext, Harrassowitz 2002
 * For context:
 * Distorted mirror:
 * Roht, Eva-Liisa (2010). Soomeugrilased ja samojeedid eesti meedias. Soome-ugri identiteedi kuvand ja põlisrahvaste õigused. Tupits, Ave; Labi, Kanni (Toim.). Vahetatud laps. (103−118).  Tartu: Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum. (Pro Folkloristica; XV).
 * https://fennougria.ee/en/tonu-seilenthal-on-cooperation-with-the-finno-ugric-peoples-of-russia/
 * https://keeljakirjandus.ee/ee/archives/25231
 * https://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/12246
 * https://fennougria.ee/en/tonu-seilenthal-on-cooperation-with-the-finno-ugric-peoples-of-russia/
 * https://keeljakirjandus.ee/ee/archives/25231
 * https://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/12246
 * https://www.vikerkaar.ee/archives/12246

Culture

 * Petrukhin, Vladimir. Myths of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Moscow, 2005. 463 p. (Петрухин В. Я. Мифы финно-угров. М., 2005. 463 с.)
 * World Outlook of Finno-Ugric People. Moscow, 1990. (Мировоззрение финно-угорских народов. М., 1990.)
 * People of Volga and Uralic regions. Komi-Zyrians. Komi-Permyaks. Mari. Mordvins. Udmurts. Moscow, 2000. (Народы Поволжья и Приуралья. Коми-зыряне. Коми-пермяки. Марийцы. Мордва. Удмурты. М., 2000.)

Others

 * Physical anthropology of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Физическая антропология финно-угорских народов. Physical anthropology of Finno-Ugric peoples. Author(s): Karin Mark. Designer: Kersti Siitan
 * http://hdl.handle.net/10138/235223