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Della Keats (Puyuq) was an Inupiaq Eskimo healer and midwife who grew up and came of age in the Kotzebue region of Alaska during the first half of the 20th century. The Kotzebue region is located in northwest Alaska along the coast, situated between Cape Thompson to the north and Cape Espenberg to the south. Further inland from the coast, the region she inhabited is in the drainage areas of the Noatak, Kobuk, and Selawik Rivers. Her life in this region coincided with rapid changes as other peoples voyaged and then settled in alongside indigenous societies. The region is named for Otto von Kotzebue, who explored the area in 1816. The Plover, of the Franklin Expedition, overwintered in Kotzebue Sound in 1849-50. Over the latter half of the 19th century, increased contact helped to spread disease; local people acquired firearms and alcohol; and some inhabitants abandoned their traditional territories by the turn of the century. Missions and schools were established in 1905-1915. During this time, families alternated between school and subsistence seasons. It was not until after the 1930s that Inupiat peoples settled more permanently into villages. This was a time of rapid shifts, and Della Keats and her family lived a traditional subsistence lifestyle while gradually incorporating new materials and entering into trade with a cash economy. She was a member of one of the ten communities in the Kotzebue region, Nuataagmiut.

Early life
Della Keats (Puyuq) was born April 15, 1907 along the upper Noatak River, in a place named Usulak, at a time before immigrant teachers arrived to the area. It was a treeless tundra, and her family lived in a sod house with ugruk windows and a door of brown bear hide. She began school at Point Hope at the age of six, learning her ABCs in English by writing with a flat rock on slates, not tablets. School was in session from October to April, starting in the morning 9-12am, breaking for lunch, and continuing 1-3pm each day. Her whole family resided in the village during the school season. Her father (Nunguqtuaq) was a handyman who was in charge of facilities, but he took time off for trapping and was a member of a whaling crew. Her mother was a housekeeper for the teacher. Young Della was one of six siblings, five surviving into adulthood. Her uncle was Mark Mitchell (Misigaq), her brother Marion (Aapaluk) died, her older brother was Gordon (Apayutnak), her oldest sister Isabella (Qaaqsi), her younger brother Clyde (Piniluq), and younger sister Maneta (Siniksaq).

Growing up in a time of rapid cultural transformations, Della Keats witnessed the use of traditional materials and tools, and at the same time observed the increasing use of new materials and tools acquired through trade and adapted to hunting, fishing, housing, and travel. She lived in a sod house as well as a log house and spent time in tents during hunting and fishing season. She wore skin clothes and cotton under clothes. Her mother sewed with a machine discarded by the school, and Della continued to sew with it in adult life. Her bedding was caribou skins but also grass mats on wooden beds in the log house. Her father made a stove and pipe out of kerosene cans. The use of seal gut and sinew was being replaced by twine. Twine was used for fishing and ptarmigan nets, but Della knew about willow bark nets from her mother. Her father hunted with a rifle, but he knew and taught her brother to make and to hunt with a bow and arrow. They made kayaks (qajaq) and skin boats (qajagiaq) out of animals and wood. Paddles were made of caribou shoulder and a willow handle. Seal oil lamps were being replaced by kerosene lamps. And as she grew older, she began to use an inboard motor in a boat.

Adapted to seasonal cycles, the family ate from the land and waters of the region: caribou, grayling, trout, sheefish, whitefish, ptarmigan, marmot, muskrat, ducks, beluga. Della Keats has an early memory of having a pet eagle. The family ate fresh and dried fish, and they fed some to their dogs, including meat that had been spoiled and then dried. Nothing was wasted. They traded for flour, molasses, cheese, beans, and mustard. Her mother learned to bake bread. After the school season ended in April, the family would travel by dog team to the coast to hunt seal, camping along Rabbit Creek in tents, with other people from the region. By this time of the year, families were running out of dried meat and seal oil. They hunted ptarmigan along the way. Whoever was successful would share meat with others, equitably, though there were no firm rules on how it would be distributed. They also hunted muskrat and ducks in April and May. They traveled to Kotzebue in July/August to trade seal skins for oil and ammunition and returned to the Noatak River in late August/September to fish for salmon with cotton twine seine nets. In late August, they cut wood for sleds and boat frames, which they would sell or trade for supplies. They spent the time before school started in October sewing winter clothes, mukluks and waders.

Della Keats reported in her autobiography that she started making mukluks and mittens by age 8 and was making her father's mukluks by age 11. She also helped him make nets. She made ugruk bottoms (soles for footwear) with her own teeth by age 11, and was beginning to sell and trade some items in Kotzebue.

One early memory she has is of an incident that involved her family saving a surveyor crew along the Kelly River. The U.S. Geological Survey Field Party in the summer and spring of 1925 had not been able to hunt successfully, so Della Keats' family shared their food and helped the party to survive.

Adult Life and Healing Work
Della Keats' autobiography skips from her early years, 1907-1918, to her adult life, 1930s-1940s. According to the editors of her autobiography, she had married a reindeer herder when she was 16 but was the sole parent and provider of three children in her 20s--Perry, Priscilla, and Sylvester--who ranged in age from 3-9 in 1943. She worked as the Postmaster at Noatak Village to support her children. She also made a living by selling things she sewed and by actively participating in subsistence harvesting with her larger family group. Her parents would travel up and down the Noatak River, and she eventually moved in to help them in 1945.

Della Keats exhibited an interest in anatomy, the circulatory system, and midwifery from a young age. One report writes that she learned human anatomy and circulation from a textbook when she was in seventh and eighth grade. The anatomical nomenclature of the Inupiat language suggests that members of the culture shared a similar interest. Father Oleksa's brief portrait claims that she started healing people when she was 16, although her autobiography says that she started practicing medicine in her mid 20s. Residents of the Kotzebue Sound region recognized her as a general medical practitioner, and she served both white and Inupiat patients and delivered lectures and health education across cultures. She was in private practice in the Kotzebue Sound region through the late 1960s, but she began to travel more in the 1970s, with the support of Native corporations, to share her knowledge more widely.

What seems to be well known and emphasized is that Della Keats used her hands to heal. The healing hands of the Inupiat people like Della Keats was not unique but characteristic of other Alaska Native groups such as the Aleuts and Alutiiq. Massage and cold and heat helped with diagnosis and treatment of a range of ailments--liver, stomach, constipation, sprains, dislocations, fractures--and could also be used to turn babies in utero or move an umbilical cord Due to a history of disease epidemics, the introduction of refined foods, and a lingering distrust from experimental procedures, it was a slow process to establish mutual respect and trust. Practitioners like Della Keats found a way to integrate traditional Alaska Native medicine (magico-religious) with Western medicine (empirico-rational) in complementary fashion. Her personality and character have been credited for her success in blending Inupiat tribal healing and Western medicine for the benefit and respect of all.

When Dr. Elisabeth KublerRoss, an international expert on grief, death and dying, visited Anchorage, Alaska in 1998, she called attention, during a public address at Humana Hospital, to a suicide epidemic among young Alaska Natives, lamenting that it had been kept secret for too long and should be cause for all to scream loudly. She encouraged methods that promote pride and respect for Alaska and that teach the old culture. KublerRoss cited the example of Della Keats, the Eskimo healer from Nome who spent much of her time with young people, as an example of sustaining both cultural pride and traditions.

Legacy
A member of the University of Alaska Nursing Faculty, Tina DeLapp, has written about the contributions of Della Keats in an article titled, "American Eskimos: The Yup’ik and Inupiat."

Awards and Honors

 * In 1983, Della Keats was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters in Health Sciences, by the University of Alaska Anchorage.
 * In 2009, Della Keats was inducted into the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame. According to the award biography, as written by Gabriela Riquelme, Keats "used three tools to heal her patients: her hands, her head, and her heart. Her hands were her main tools. Her sense of touch was highly developed and just by touching Keats could diagnose troubles and pains.  She would prescribe home remedies made from herbs and plants from the tundra, or perform massages or exercises on her patients. She would give advice and suggest certain practical activities for her patients and their families to do to stay healthy. Keats believed the more people were involved with their own bodies, the higher the chances were they could heal themselves and take control of their own health. Keats encouraged her patients to take an interest in healing themselves through a positive and personal approach."
 * Della Keats has an entry in the National Library of Medicine, which is sponsored by the National Institute of Health.

Maniilaq Health Center
The Maniilaq Health Center, based in Kotzebue, got its start from Della Keats, who practiced as an Inupiaq tribal doctor. The Center has attracted the attention of Western doctors who wish to understand and refer patients for traditional healing practices. While Western doctors undergo formal medical education, tribal doctors learn by apprenticing with traditional healers.

Della Keats Health Sciences Curriculum
Both a summer bridge program and a summer research program are named in honor of Della Keats for her long-standing commitment to the health of Native peoples and all people in Alaska.


 * Della Keats Health Sciences Summer Program
 * Part of the UAA WWAMI School of Medical Education, the summer program is a bridge program that serves high school students from rural areas who are planning to pursue medical and health care careers in college.
 * Della Keats Summer Research Program
 * The summer research program is a continuation from the previous summer. In a six-week program, students are paired with a mentor and guided through an internship in which they design, carry out, and present on health-related research.

Della Keats Healing Hands Award
The Della Keats Healing Hands Award is bestowed upon a tribal healer or health care provider and announced at the annual Alaska Federation of Natives that convenes in November each year during Alaska Native Heritage Month.


 * 2019: Dorcus Rock
 * 2017: Ethel Lund
 * 2015: Dr. Nora Nagaruk Aiyuu
 * 1999: Betty Geraldine Nelson

Additional Resources

 * "Hands, Head, and Health", Story of Della Keats- Produced by the Norton Sound Health Corp.
 * Hsu, L. Annotated Bibliography of Unpublished Literature On Alaska Native Traditional Healing.
 * Keats, D. (1985). Della Keats: Eskimo healer (Video). Kotzebue, Alaska: Manillnaq.
 * Kramer, M. R. (2006). Traditional Healing Among Alaska Natives. Candidacy Essay. Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center, San Francisco, CA.
 * Lucier, C. V., VanStone, J. W., & Keats, D. (1971). Medical practices and human anatomical knowledge among the Noatak Eskimos. Ethnology, 10(3), 251-264.
 * Reimer, C. S. (1999). Counseling the Inupiat Eskimo (No. 36). Greenwood Publishing Group.
 * Turner, E. (2016). Anthropologists and Healers: Radical Empiricists. Social Analysis, 60(1), 129-139.
 * Roderick, L. (1983). Profiles in Change: Della Keats. http://www.alaskool.org/projects/women/profiles/acsw1983/D_Keats.htm
 * Mauer, Richard (March 13, 1986). "Death Stills Healing Hands Tribal Doctor's Skill". Anchorage Daily News (AK). p. B1.

Category:Alaska Native inventors and scientists Category:1907 births Category:1986 deaths Category:American midwives Category:Healthcare in Alaska