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03:51, 4 September 2017 (UTC)JGSAMSON (talk)Drug test From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Drug testing (disambiguation). Drug test Medical diagnostics MeSH	D015813 [edit on Wikidata] A drug test is a technical analysis of a biological specimen, for example urine, hair, blood, breath, sweat, and/or oral fluid/saliva — to determine the presence or absence of specified parent drugs or their metabolites. Major applications of drug testing include detection of the presence of performance enhancing steroids in sport, employers screening for drugs prohibited by law (such as cannabis, cocaine and heroin) and police officers testing for the presence and concentration of alcohol (ethanol) in the blood commonly referred to as BAC (blood alcohol content). BAC tests are typically administered via a breathalyzer while urinalysis is used for the vast majority of drug testing in sports and the workplace.

A drug test may also refer to a test that provides quantitative chemical analysis of an illegal drug, typically intended to help with responsible drug use.[1]

Contents [hide] 1	Detection periods 2	Types 2.1	Urine drug screen 2.2	Breath test 2.3	Hair testing 2.3.1	Alcohol 2.4	Presumptive substance testing 2.5	Saliva drug screen / Oral fluid-based drug screen 2.6	Sweat drug screen 2.7	Blood 2.8	Anabolic steroids 2.9	Random drug testing 2.10	Diagnostic screening 3	Methodologies 3.1	Urine drug testing 3.2	Spray drug testing 3.3	Hair drug testing 4	Legality, ethics and politics 4.1	United Kingdom 4.2	United States 4.3	Australia 5	Refusal 5.1	Historical cases 6	See also 7	References 8	External links Detection periods[edit source] The following chart gives approximate detection periods for each substance by test type.[2]

The detection windows depend upon multiple factors: drug class, amount and frequency of use, metabolic rate, body mass, age, overall health, and urine pH. For ease of use, the detection times of metabolites have been incorporated into each parent drug. For example, heroin and cocaine can only be detected for a few hours after use, but their metabolites can be detected for several days in urine. The chart depicts the longer detection times of the metabolites.

Oral fluid or saliva testing results for the most part mimic that of blood. The only exceptions are THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and benzodiazepines. Oral fluid will likely detect THC from ingestion up to a maximum period of 6–12 hours. This continues to cause difficulty in oral fluid detection of THC and benzodiazepines.[3]

Breath air for the most part mimics blood tests as well. Due to the very low levels of substances in the breath air, liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry has to be used to analyze the sample according to a recent publication wherein 12 analytes were investigated.

Rapid oral fluid products are not approved for use in workplace drug testing programs and are not FDA cleared. Using rapid oral fluid drug tests in the workplace is prohibited in only:[4]

California Kansas Maine Minnesota New York Vermont K2, also known as synthetic cannabinoids, is detectable for up to 3 days after single use or up to 30 days for chronic users. It wasn't tested for in the past but is now detectable in modern tests.